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Item Secondary School Students and Caffeine: Consumption Habits, Motivations, and Experiences.(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-02-17) Turner S; Ali A; Wham C; Rutherfurd-Markwick K; Cornelis M; Tauler PAdolescents may be particularly vulnerable to the effects of caffeine due to a lack of tolerance, their small size, changing brain physiology, and increasing independence. Concerns about adolescent caffeine consumption relate to potentially serious physiological and psychological effects following consumption. Motivations driving caffeine intake are not well understood among adolescents but are important to understand to reduce harmful behavioural patterns. This study explored caffeine consumption habits (sources, amount, frequency) of New Zealand adolescents; and factors motivating caffeine consumption and avoidance. The previously validated caffeine consumption habits questionnaire (CaffCo) was completed by 216 participants (15-18 years), with most (94.9%) consuming at least one caffeinated product daily. Chocolate, coffee, tea, and kola drinks were the most consumed sources. The median caffeine intake was 68 mg·day-1. Gender (boy) and being employed influenced the source, but not the quantity of caffeine consumed. One-fifth (21.2%) of adolescents consumed more than the recommended European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) safe level (3 mg·kg-1·day-1). Taste, energy, and temperature were the main motivators for consumption, and increased energy, excitement, restlessness, and sleep disturbances were reported effects following caffeine consumption. This study provides information on caffeinated product consumption among New Zealand adolescents, some of whom consumed caffeine above the EFSA safe level. Public health initiatives directed at adolescents may be important to reduce potential caffeine-related harm.Item Motivations for Caffeine Consumption in New Zealand Tertiary Students(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-11-25) Stachyshyn S; Wham C; Ali A; Knightbridge-Eager T; Rutherfurd-Markwick KCaffeine-related health incidents in New Zealand have escalated over the last two decades. In order to reduce the risk of substance-related harm, it is important to understand the consumers' motivations for its use. This is especially true for tertiary students who are presumed to be at a higher risk due to seeking out caffeine's well-known cognitive benefits as well as the targeted marketing of such products to young adults. This study examined the habits and motivations for caffeine consumption in tertiary students in New Zealand. A previously validated caffeine consumption-habits (CaffCo) questionnaire was administered online to 317 tertiary students (n = 169 females), aged ≥16 years. Of the 99.1% of participants who regularly consumed caffeine, coffee (76.3%) tea (71.6%) and chocolate (81.7%) consumption were the most prevalent. Motivations for caffeinated-product consumption differed according to caffeine source. Tea was consumed for the warmth and taste, coffee was consumed to stay awake and for warmth, and chocolate, for the taste and as a treat. Marketing was not identified by participants as influencing their consumption of caffeinated products. Knowledge of motivations for caffeine consumption may assist in identifying strategies to reduce caffeine intake in those New Zealand tertiary students who regularly consume amounts of caffeine that exceed safe level.Item Caffeine Consumption Habits of New Zealand Tertiary Students(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-04-28) Stachyshyn S; Ali A; Wham C; Knightbridge-Eager T; Rutherfurd-Markwick KAdverse effects associated with excessive caffeine consumption combined with increasing numbers and availability of caffeine-containing products are causes for concern. Tertiary students may be at increased risk of consuming excessive amounts of caffeine due to seeking caffeinated products with well-known wakefulness effects and cognitive benefits. This study explored caffeine consumption habits of New Zealand tertiary students (317; ≥16-years) using a previously validated caffeine consumption habits (CaffCo) questionnaire. Most (99.1%) regularly consumed caffeinated products, especially chocolate, coffee and tea, with coffee, tea and energy drinks contributing most to total caffeine intake. Median estimated caffeine intake was 146.73 mg·day-1, or 2.25 mg·kgbw-1·day-1. Maximum and minimum intakes were 1988.14 mg·day-1 (23.51 mg·kgbw-1·day-1) and 0.07 mg·day-1 (0.02 mg·kgbw-1·day-1), respectively. One-third (34.4%) of caffeine consumers ingested caffeine above the adverse effect level (3 mg·kgbw-1·day-1) and 14.3% above the safe limit (400 mg·day-1). Most caffeine consumers (84.7%), reported experiencing at least one 'adverse symptom' post-caffeine consumption, of which 25.7% reported effects leading to distress or negatively impacting their life. Experiencing 'adverse symptoms' did not, however, curtail consumption in the majority of symptomatic participants (~77%). Public health initiatives directed at tertiary students may be important to reduce potential caffeine-related harm.Item If you think about it more, do you want it more? : the impact of heuristic and deliberative information processing on consumer preferences for ethically endorsed products : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marketing at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2018) Konopka, Roman MaciejOver the last few decades, the use of endorsing logos on fast moving consumer goods packaging has been on the rise. Logos, such as the Fairtrade, the Heart Foundation Tick, or the Dolphin-Safe have been a common sight on the products found in supermarkets. Although there has been a growing research interest in the role and utility of endorsing logos, there are several fundamental questions that have yet to be addressed. First, there are two competing views on how endorsing logos may play a role in consumer choice. They may work as distinctive assets that help a brand to be salient in purchasing situations of consumers, who primarily rely on their heuristics in shopping decision making. Conversely, endorsing logos and the claims they convey may be thoughtfully considered by shoppers that in turn leads to a greater loyalty for the endorsed products. Second, there are question marks over how brands are retrieved from memory and these questions are important in understanding the role of endorsing logos. Whilst the prevailing view is that more thoughtful consideration of a well-known brand should further encourage consumer preference (see e.g. J. R. Anderson & Bower, 1973; Keller, 1993), recent research suggests that recollecting more information about a familiar brand has the opposite outcome (Stocchi, Wright, & Driesener, 2016). Further, and most directly pertinent for brand managers, it is not certain that endorsing logos positively influence consumer preferences at all. In particular, there is a body of literature suggesting that the credibility of ethical claims by organisations are increasingly questioned by consumers. These fundamental questions leave the research literature with significant gaps, both from a theoretical and managerial perspective. The theory and research presented in this thesis seek to close the gaps in the literature by using experimental methods to examine the role of endorsing logos. More specifically, the present research employs a variety of manipulations from the dual-process theory of human cognition to Conjoint Analysis and Best-Worst Scaling experiments. Using the Fairtrade logo as the focal stimulus, the research manipulates deliberation versus heuristics, whilst controlling for factors such as mere familiarity. The research comprises two stages with five ranking-based Conjoint Analysis experiments in stage one (n=379) and a Best-Worst Scaling experiment with Balanced Incomplete Block Design in stage two (n=1,628). This study’s findings contribute to the branding literature and aid managers in several respects. Despite concerns over the credibility of ethical claims, endorsing logos, both familiar and unfamiliar, remain as a useful marketing tool as they have a substantively positive effect on consumer preferences. This effect is detected under both heuristic and deliberative thinking. Furthermore, the positive effect of logos on consumer preferences largely operates through mere exposure to a familiar brand, but the preference can also be substantially increased by encouraging deliberative thinking. However, counter-intuitively, the present research findings imply that less familiar logos benefit more from such deliberation compared to their more familiar counterparts. It is worth noting that encouraging deliberation was achieved in the context of this research and future research is needed to examine how such encouragement can be achieved outside a laboratory environment.Item Caffeine consumption habits, motivations, and experiences of New Zealand tertiary students : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand(Massey University, 2017) Stachyshyn, SaskiaBackground: Caffeine-related health incidents in New Zealand have escalated over the last two decades. Research suggests that in order to reduce the risk of substance-related harm, it is important to understand the consumers’ motivations for its use, especially in tertiary students who are presumed to be at a higher risk due to seeking out caffeine’s well-known cognitive benefits. The public health consequences of caffeine consumption can only be determined once data is available on the amount of caffeine currently being consumed by New Zealanders, and New Zealand-based studies that have examined caffeine consumption are limited. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine the caffeine consumption habits of tertiary students in New Zealand; their motivations for use, and experiences across a broad range of caffeine products. Method: A previously designed caffeine consumption habits questionnaire (CaffCo) was administered to 317 tertiary students via the online survey software, Qualtrics. Results: Of the total dataset, 99.1% (n= 314), consumed at least one source of caffeine in their diet. The caffeine sources with the highest prevalence of use were chocolate (81.7% of participants), coffee (76.3%) and tea (71.6%). Motivations for consumption appear to differ between various caffeine sources. In caffeine consumers, the median estimated daily caffeine consumption was 146.73 mg·day-1 (n= 314), or 2.25 mg · kgbw-1· day-1 (n= 281), with coffee contributing 61.4% to the total daily caffeine consumption. An estimated 14.3% (n= 45) of caffeine consumers exceeded a suggested ‘safe limit’ of 400 mg · day-1, where cigarette smoking was the only participant demographic/characteristic which increased the likelihood of exceeding this level. Caffeine was co-ingested with alcohol by 38.5% (n= 122) of the participants, and those with paid employment or those who smoked cigarettes were more likely to do so. The majority of caffeine consumers (84.7%, n= 265) reported experiencing at least one adverse symptom post caffeine consumption, 64.2% reported being dependent on at least one caffeine source, and 47.3% (n= 152) of total participants reported experiencing at least one withdrawal symptom in the past. Conclusions: These findings provide critical information for implementing caffeinerelated risk-reduction strategies for New Zealand tertiary students.Item Price transmission of Vietnam's Robusta coffee : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of AgriCommerce at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2017) Mai, Thang ChienCoffee is important to Vietnam’s economy in terms of export earnings and employment. As Vietnam carried out market reforms over the last three decades, its coffee sector has become increasingly market-driven and exposed to the fluctuations of the global market. The transmission of changes in global Robusta coffee prices to domestic farmgate prices is put under focus in this research as the knowledge of this will have important policy and welfare implications. This research uses both linear and threshold vector error correction models to analyse price transmission as the cointegration-based approach recognises the nonstationarity of price series. The data used are daily export and farmgate prices of Robusta coffee, measured in USD per tonne, from June 1st, 2011 to December 31st, 2015. Export prices were collected in Ho Chi Minh city, the export hub for Vietnam, and farmgate prices in the largest coffee-producing province, Dak Lak. The primary result of this research is that of a symmetric price transmission between export and farm levels for Vietnam’s Robusta coffee. The two apparent asymmetries detected are considered minimal as the speed of daily adjustment is too high. In the linear model, export prices react faster to negative deviations from the long run equilibrium than to positive deviations. In the threshold model, farmgate prices respond faster to decreases than increases in export prices when the long run deviation exceeds a certain threshold. The research also confirms the importance of transaction costs and other price frictions that were mostly ignored in prior analyses for coffee. Most importantly, the finding of symmetric price transmission contradicts previous studies which found asymmetric price transmission for Robusta coffee in Vietnam and other producers in Africa. This dissimilarity may be attributable to characteristic differences of Vietnam’s coffee sector, the use of high frequency data, and to the different time periods under investigation. JEL Codes: C32, Q11, Q13, Q17 Keywords: asymmetric price transmission, Robusta coffee, Vietnam