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Item Invited review: Bovine colostrum, a promising ingredient for humans and animals-Properties, processing technologies, and uses(Elsevier, 2023-08) Costa A; Sneddon NW; Goi A; Visentin G; Mammi LME; Savarino EV; Zingone F; Formigoni A; Penasa M; De Marchi MMammalian colostrum, known as "liquid gold," is considered a valuable source of essential nutrients, growth factors, probiotics, prebiotics, antibodies, and other bioactive compounds. Precisely for this reason, bovine colostrum (BC) is an emerging ingredient for the feed, food, and pharmaceutical industries, being nowadays commercially available in a variety of forms in several countries. Moreover, quite a large number of functional foods and supplements for athletes, human medicines, pet nutrition plans, and complementary feed for some livestock categories, such as piglets and calves, contain BC. The amount of BC yielded by a cow after calving represents approximately 0.5% of the yearly output in dairy breeds. For its nutritional properties and low availability, BC is characterized by a greater market value and an increasing demand compared with other by-products of the dairy sector. However, information regarding the market size of BC for the food and pharmaceutical industries, as well as future developments and perspectives, is scarcely available in the scientific literature. This lack can be attributed to industrial secrecy as well as to the relatively small scale of the BC business when compared with other dairy products, which makes the BC market limited, specific, and intended for a restricted audience. From a legal perspective, regulations assign BC to the large family of milk-derived powders; thus, collecting specific production data, as well as import-export trend information, is not straightforward and can result in unprecise estimates. Given that the interest in BC is increasing in different fields, it is important to have an overview of the production steps and of pros and cons of this emerging ingredient. The present narrative review discloses why BC has started to be considered a product rather than a by-product of the dairy industry. Moreover, the present document aims to summarize the existing methodologies used to assess BC quality in terms of immunoglobulin concentration, the different applications of BC in the industry, and the BC processing technologies. Finally, a panoramic view of the current international market is provided for the first time for this dairy product.Item The effect of three different preservatives on the numbers and types of bacteria, Brix percentage, pH and nutritional composition of bovine colostrum sourced from New Zealand dairy farms(Taylor and Francis Group, 2024-09-02) Cuttance EL; Mason WA; Cranefield S; Laven RAAIMS: To investigate the effect of preservation by addition of yoghurt starter, potassium sorbate and citric acid on counts of aerobic bacteria, Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus thermophilus and coliforms, Brix percentage, pH, protein, fat and anhydrous lactose concentrations at 0, 7 and 14 days after collection for colostrum stored at ambient temperature. METHOD: Approximately 2 L of first milking colostrum was collected from 10 farms in the Waikato region. Following mixing, it was split into five 400-mL sub-samples and allocated randomly to a control (two sub-samples), or treatment with yoghurt, potassium sorbate, or citric acid preservative. Throughout the trial samples remained in the laboratory at ambient temperature with the lids slightly ajar, and were stirred daily for 15-30 seconds using a sterile spatula. Sub-samples were tested on Days 0, 7 and 14. On Days 0 and 14 aerobic bacteria (by aerobic plate count (APC)), Lactobacillus spp., coliforms and Streptococcus thermophilus counts, pH, Brix percentage, protein, fat and anhydrous lactose were measured. On Day 7 only bacterial counts were completed.The data were analysed using non-parametric clustered bootstrap sampling to estimate the effect of treatment, time, and their interaction on the outcome variables. RESULTS: Compared to control samples, on Day 7 the APC for potassium sorbate (1.0 (90% CI = 0.6-1.6) × 108 cfu/mL) was approximately seven-fold lower than for yoghurt (7.3 (90% CI = 4.1-11) × 108 cfu/mL), and approximately three-fold lower than citric acid (3.2 (90% CI = 0.2-4.3) × 108 cfu/mL) remaining low to Day 14. All preservatives reduced coliform growth compared to control samples at Day 7 but growth was lower for potassium sorbate than the other preservatives. For Lactobacillus spp., at Day 7, samples with yoghurt preservative had greater counts than the other two preservatives. Potassium sorbate reduced growth of S. thermophilus compared to the other treatments, especially at Day 7, with 7-10 times fewer S. thermophilus per mL compared to the other three groups. All groups showed an obvious acidification over time, with very little variation within days and treatment groups. There was no evidence for change in fat or protein percentage over time regardless of treatment. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Aerobic and coliform bacteria proliferate extensively in unpreserved colostrum. All preservatives decreased coliform counts compared to un-preserved colostrum, but potassium sorbate was more effective at decreasing both coliforms and aerobic bacteria than either yoghurt or citric acid.Item The transfer of passive immunity in calves born at pasture(Elsevier Inc and the Federation of Animal Science Societies Inc on behalf of the American Dairy Science Association, 2022-07) Mason WA; Cuttance EL; Laven RACalf and dam separation is an area of growing public interest, and timely separation is also a practical challenge for pastoral farmers to achieve for all calves. Very few studies have investigated the success of leaving calves with their dams in pastoral conditions, so this observational study assessed serum total protein (STP) in calves born at pasture and left to suckle from their dams for up to 24 h. It also investigated failure of transfer of passive immunity (FPT) once calves had been provided colostrum from the farmer and some factors that may contribute to the risk of FPT. Over 2 years, 8 farms (4 in the North Island, 4 in South Island of New Zealand) were involved in an observational study where cows and calves were observed for 24 h a day for 2 wk per farm. Observers recorded the time from birth to first suckling, number of suckling events, time of calf removal from the dam, and ambient temperature. Calves were blood sampled on arrival at housing, before receiving colostrum from the farmer (d 1), and again 2 d later (d 3) to test for STP concentration. On d 1, 689 calves had blood samples collected, at a median of 11.5 (interquartile range 5.6 to 19.2) hours postbirth. Of these, 283 calves [41.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 37.4 to 44.9%] had STP >52 g/L (proportion by farm ranged from 10 to 78%). On d 3, 680 blood samples were collected, of which 16.0% (95% CI 13.5 to 19.0) had FPT (STP ≤52 g/L) with proportion by farm ranging from 2.5 to 31.6%. The FPT risk at d 3 in calves that did not suckle before housing was 2.91 (95% CI 2.04 to 4.13) times the risk in calves that suckled. For every hour longer postbirth that it took for a calf to have its first suckling event, odds of FPT at d 3 increased by 1.21 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.36) times, and compared with calves that only suckled once, calves that suckled 2, 3-5, or >5 times had 0.42 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.99), 0.35 (95% CI 0.15 to 0.76), and 0.10 (95% CI 0.005 to 0.47) times the odds of FPT, respectively. For every 1-percentage-point increase in the Brix % of the colostrum, the odds of FPT decreased by 33% (95% CI 24- to 42). Calves that suckled in the paddock and were fed colostrum with ≥22% Brix had the highest STP, and lowest odds of FPT, of any suckling/Brix % combination. There was a trend for STP to be greater in calves that suckled in the paddock and fed <22% Brix compared with calves that did not suckle in the paddock and fed ≥22% Brix. However, the calves in the former group also tended to have a greater risk of FPT at d 3, and a greater STP variability. There were very large between-farm variabilities for rates of suckling, colostrum feeding, and FPT risk that urgently require further investigation for calves born at pasture.Item Mortality and failure of passive transfer of immunity in New Zealand dairy calves : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of PhD in Veterinary Science at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand(Massey University, 2019) Cuttance, Emma LouiseIn recent years, there has been a growing interest from consumers globally about the welfare of the animals producing their food. In New Zealand, particular attention has been paid to the treatment of calves though the help of welfare lobbyists bringing certain New Zealand farming practices into the spotlight. Unlike most of the rest of the world, in New Zealand, cattle are born outdoors and are housed only for a short period of time. This has meant that international research on mortality, colostrum management and calf health has been generally not applicable, and that we need New Zealand-based data to be able to benchmark key outcomes. We had two major objectives for this research. The first was to accurately estimate perinatal and postnatal mortality on New Zealand dairy farms and to identify potential risk factors. The second objective was to focus on one factor that is known to be strongly associated with calf mortality: the failure of the calf to take up sufficient colostral antibodies to provide protective immunity until the calf’s antibody-production system becomes fully effective (“failure of passive transfer”; FPT). The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of FPT across New Zealand dairy farms, identify potential risk factors that may be associated with that prevalence and to evaluate the effects of FPT to the end of first lactation. We found that, despite the significant differences between the New Zealand system and those of the northern hemisphere, the mortality risk of perinatal (5.7%) and postnatal calves up to weaning (4.1%), then weaning to ~27 months (2.7%) was comparable. However, our review of the previously published data highlighted that the quality of data collection, transparency in methods and validation of records in most other studies, particularly retrospective ones, was poor, limiting the validity of such comparisons. We identified substantial variation between farms in mortality risk (2.2-8.6% perinatal, 0-11% postnatal pre-weaning, 0-7.9% weaning to ~27 months), thus significant reductions in calf mortality may be achievable on many farms. One factor responsible for this variation may be farm-level prevalence of FPT which averaged at 33% and ranged from 5-84%. In intensive systems, separating calves from their dam and feeding high quality colostrum within 4-6 hours of birth reduces FPT. In contrast, our research found no effect of earlier colostrum feeding on FPT prevalence and the only significant herd level risk factors were region and herd size. This may be at least partly due to the difficulty of increasing calf pick-up to the frequency recommended for intensive farms. FPT increased mortality and morbidity and to a lesser extent decreased weight gain in the first 12 months, however showed no appreciable effect after this time.Item Crystallographic and physicochemical studies on metal and anion substituted human lactoferrin : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry at Massey University(Massey University, 1992) Smith, Clyde AlexanderLactoferrin, isolated from human colostrum, is an 80 kDa glycoprotein capable of binding two ferric ions concomitantly with two carbonate anions. The protein consists of a single polypeptide chain folded into two similar halves, each of which bind one iron and one carbonate. It is a member of the transferrin family of proteins, which includes serum transferrin, an iron transport protein found in the blood, ovotransferrin from avian and reptilian egg-white and melanotransferrin expressed by human melanoma cells. These proteins have important roles in the transport of iron around the body and the iron-binding function of lactoferrin has implications for the health of breast-fed infants. Two lactoferrin complexes with copper substituted for both iron atoms and the other substituted with copper and an oxalate anion for one of the carbonate anions, have been prepared and crystallised, and the structures of both determined by X-ray crystallography to 2.1 Å resolution. Whereas in diferric lactoferrin, both anions are coordinated in a bidentate fashion to the two iron atoms, in the dicupric complex the carbonate in the N-terminal site is monodentate, resulting in a 5-coordinate copper geometry with an elongated apical ligand (=2.7 Å). In the second complex, oxalate replaces carbonate in the C-terminal half only. Analysis of the structure indicates that the extent of closure of the lobes has an important role in determining the stereochemistry at the metal binding site. In addition to the structural studies, the binding of a variety of other metal ions, including other transition metals, aluminium, the lanthanides and thorium have been investigated spectroscopically. All of these metal ions form 2:1 complexes with lactoferrin but with varying degrees of stability. Some binding constants for a number of the lanthanides have been estimated, firstly to provide a comparison with results obtained for serum transferrin and secondly to investigate the relationship between the size of the metal ion and the strength of binding. In the course of the investigation of the binding of the lanthanide ions, it was established that cerium interacts with lactoferrin to give a complex which slowly developes [sic] a brown colour after standing for a few days. This can be attributed to the slow oxidation of Ce(III) to Ce(IV). These results, when compared with earlier structural analyses on lactoferrin, show that the protein is very flexible and can accommodate other metals without altering it's [sic] overall structure to any great extent. The predicted binding of other metal ions, including vanadium and the lanthanides, is described based on a combination of the crystallographic and physicochemical studies.