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    The energy-economic growth nexus : empirical evidence for New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Economics at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2007) Bartleet, Matthew Timothy
    This study addresses the energy consumption and energy price-economic growth nexus for the case of New Zealand. Several hypotheses concerning the impacts of energy consumption and oil price shocks on economic growth are empirically examined, as these issues have important policy implications that have received little attention in New Zealand. Utilising the Autoregressive Distributed Lag approach to cointegration, the energy consumption-economic growth relationship is analysed over the period 1960-2004. Two key approaches are followed in terms of a cointegration and causality framework to answer whether energy consumption is a stimulus for economic growth or if economic growth leads to energy consumption. The energy consumption-growth nexus are examined based on the theoretical arguments of the trivariate demand model, trivariate supply model and multivariate supply model. The results indicate that long run relationships exist between various sets of variables, i.e. energy consumption, energy prices, labour and capital. Given the central role of energy to New Zealand's domestic growth agenda as well as international climate change commitments, the estimated results provide a basis for policy prescriptions to deal with these issues for the short run and long run. The related issue of oil price shock impacts on economic growth is considered for the period 1989-2006 using the Vector Autoregressive methodology based on quarterly data. Three oil price measures are considered, given the various theoretical implications that oil price shocks have on economic growth. The estimated results are based on the concept of 'net oil price shocks', and indicate that such shocks impact significantly on several key macroeconomic variables in a manner that is consistent with the economic theory. The findings of this study provide policy implications based on the key elements of New Zealand's energy-growth relationships and energy policies, in light of energy scarcity, climate change issues, and the related policy responses.
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    An econometric analysis of the factors influencing binned wool prices :a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Agricultural Economics at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1973) Gendall, Philip John
    This study analyses appraisal, measurement and price data for 8,500 binned wool lots in an examination of some of the factors affecting wool valuation and price formation. The study explicitly considers: 1. The sources of binned wool price variation and the extent to which these prices are explained by appraised and measured greasy wool characteristics. 2. The relative economic importance of greasy wool characteristics . 3. Relationships between appraisals and between appraised and measured wool characteristics. 4. The effect of economic circumstances on appraisal. 5. The effect of objective measurement on total income and the equity of income distribution among growers. The study provides evidence to support the conclusion that the present wool auction system has a number of inefficiencies and suggests that the introduction of objective measurement, into wool marketing could improve this situation.
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    An ecological economics of eco-efficiency : theory, interpretations and applications : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecological Economics at Massey University, Palmerston North
    (Massey University, 2003) Jollands, Nigel Alan
    Eco-efficiency emerged onto the world stage as the business input into the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. The concept has served to bring the business community into the sustainability debate and enabled businesses to demonstrate significant environmental improvement. The concept is also beginning to play a key role in national sustainable development policy. However, the recent interest in eco-efficiency has highlighted several unresolved and sometimes contentious issues which are addressed in this thesis. The overall aim of this thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the eco-efficiency concept and its analytical application by situating the research within an ecological economic framework. This thesis begins by arguing that conventional 'eco-industrial épistémé' interpretations of eco-efficiency are developed within the narrow confines of a world view that is committed to business-as-usual. This assumes controllability of production processes, sees technology as a fix for environmental problems and assumes independence of economic and environmental production processes. This thesis then proposes to broaden the notion of eco-efficiency by applying an ecological economic theoretical framework. This thesis recommends a nested-hierarchy framework of three tiers for interpreting eco-efficiency. The thesis uses ecological economic theory to argue that eco-efficiency must be embedded within physical scale (first tier) and social considerations (second tier). The third (eco-efficiency) tier is interdisciplinary and pluralistic. It encourages a view that perspectives of eco-efficiency are context dependent. It also promotes tolerance and acceptance that all perspectives of eco-efficiency provide important insights into eco-efficiency. Previously, little attention has been devoted to measuring and analysing eco-efficiency for national policy purposes. This thesis develops and applies three promising analytical techniques to aspects of New Zealand's eco-efficiency; Divisia decomposition analysis (for isolating structural and technical components of change), inverse-Leontief based multiplier analysis (for measuring indirect effects) and principal components analysis (for reducing the number of indicators to a manageable level). All three empirical chapters identify the road transport sector as having relatively low and decreasing energy and CO2 efficiencies. This is of concern as the sector has proven to be one of the most difficult to influence from an environmental perspective. Several other sectors warrant attention by virtue of their low eco-efficiency measures; 'other mining', 'other farming', dairy farming, meat products and dairy products. Urgent attention is required to improve the environmental behaviour of these sectors.