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Item Non-work participation & work attitudes : a test of the expansion model of personal resources mediated by self-efficacy : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in Psychology at Massey University(Massey University, 1994) Jennings, Maurice JamesThis study attempted to provide support for Marks' (1977) 'expansion' model as applied to the work-family relationship. Essentially, the model predicted that participation in the non-work domain would enrich our personal resources such as time, energy and commitment It was also hypothesized that these resources would be positively associated with four work attitudes (i.e., organizational commitment, occupational commitment, job satisfaction, and job involvement). Moreover, it was further hypothesized that the resource enrichment - work attitude link would be mediated by self-efficacy. The four work attitudes however, were not correlated with time spent, and involvement in three non-work domains (i.e., parenting, community and recreation/hobby), although the work attitudes were positively correlated with the resource provided by participation in non-work activities. With the failure of self-efficacy to mediate the relationship between resource enrichment and the work attitudes, The overall conclusion therefore, was that the 'expansion' model of the work-family link was not supported. A number of reasons were put forward and discussed, as to why the data failed to support the hypotheses, this included the identification of several limitations. Suggestions for future research into the work-family relationship were then put forward.Item Organizational downsizing and the instrumental worker: Is there a connection?(Massey University. Department of Management and International Business, 2006) Macky, KeithA national population sample of 424 employees was used to explore the proposition that the widespread use of organizational downsizing by management has led employees to adopt a more instrumental orientation to the employment relationship. Contrary to predictions, employees who had never worked in a downsized firm (Controls), or who had been made redundant as a result of downsizing (Victims), reported stronger instrumentalist beliefs than those who had experienced at least one downsizing but had never been made redundant (Survivors). Employees who had experienced more downsizings were also more likely to report lower instrumentalism, by disagreeing with statements suggesting that work is a necessary evil, just something that has to be done in order to earn a living, and that money is the most important reason for having a job. The findings are discussed in the context of reactance theory and instrumentalism as a malleable socialized work attitude.