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    The planning framework for Maori land : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Resource and Environmental Planning at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2000) Stephenson, Janet Rhona
    The thesis examines the relationship between Maori land and the resource management planning framework within New Zealand, within an analytical framework of the Treaty of Waitangi and contemporary indigenous collaborative management regimes. Maori land is a unique class of land in New Zealand, representing the remains of tribal lands still in Maori ownership. Maori traditional forms of resource management were integrally linked with tenure and the allocation of use-rights, but legislation and practices introduced following the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi transformed the tenure system and gave no recognition to Maori resource management practices. Maori land and Maori needs were virtually ignored by planning legislation while the Maori Land Court carried out a central role in planning decisions relating to Maori land. From 1977, planning law gave some recognition of Maori values, which over time influenced the development of district scheme provisions relating to the use of Maori land. The 1991 Resource Management Act gave Maori issues greater prominence, but when translated into district plan provisions failed to give Maori any significant role in resource management on their own land. Contemporary Maori concerns about the planning framework include its lack of recognition of Maori as a legitimate resource authority, the lack of incorporation of the principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, and the failure to give any real effect to the concept of rangatiratanga. The Waitangi Tribunal has also identified shortcomings of the current planning framework in terms of the principles of the Treaty. These findings, together with current trends such as the development of iwi/hapu management plans; the growth of parallel services for Maori in education and health; and the increasing international recognition of indigenous land and resource management rights, challenge the current planning regime as it relates to Maori land. Contemporary planning needs to recognise its basis in a dual heritage by reshaping its institutions and laws so as to accommodate the co-existence of an indigenous planning system. It is suggested that this be by way of collaborative management agreements whereby resource management planning responsibilities for Maori land are largely devolved to iwi within a framework delineating national requirements for sustainable management.
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    'E da dravudravua e na dela ni noda vutuni-i-yau' : customary land and economic development : case studies from Fiji : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa
    (Massey University, 2020) Vunibola, Suliasi
    The purpose of this research is to determine how indigenous Fijian communities have been able to establish models of economic undertaking which allow successful business development while retaining control over their customary land and supporting community practices and values. External critics frequently emphasise that customary practices around land restrict economic development and undermine investments in the Pacific. There is also assertion that within the Pacific islands, culture and customary measures are mostly viewed as impediments of hopeful development. This research seeks to switch-over these claims by examining how customary land and measures facilitate successful business forms in Fiji. Along with the overarching qualitative methodology - a novel combination of the Vanua Research Framework, Tali Magimagi Research Framework, and the Bula Vakavanua Research Framework - a critical appreciative enquiry approach was used. This led to the development of the Uvi (yam - dioscorea alata) Framework which brings together the drauna (leaves) representing the capturing of knowledge, vavakada (stake) indicating the support mechanisms for indigenous entrepreneurship on customary land, uvi (yam tuber) signifying the indicators for sustainable development of indigenous business on customary land, and taking into consideration the external factors and community where the indigenous business is located. Case studies on three successful indigenous Fijian businesses based on customary land were conducted in two geographical locations in Fiji, and methods included talanoa, active participant observation, and semi-structured interviews. This study found that customary tenure and cultural values can support socially embedded economic development activities in the Pacific. It also reinstates the inherent value of customary land as an intergenerational resource aiding self-determined and inclusive development, including economic activities that provide holistic returns to communities as in socio-cultural contributions and community development initiatives. The businesses were able to be sustainable by devising mechanisms that balance daily business and community contributions. The study concludes that locally-driven development on customary land could be a model for alternative forms of economic development, thus, helping to reshape understanding of economies in Fiji and the wider Pacific.
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    Soil mapping, compilation and land evaluation of Motueka, Riwaka and Moutere Valleys : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Natural Resource Management, Massey University, Palmerston North
    (Massey University, 2003) Nelson, Paul Jeremy
    The development of a soil map of the Motueka area, along with the supporting documents was completed during this study. This was achieved by the verification of an old poorly documented paper soil map. Primary Solutions Ltd initiated this project, but Tasman District Council provided the funding and assistance during this project. The project was developed as it was realized that there was significant potential for the map to be expanded and therefore better utilized. Validation of the original map was done by auger observations during extensive fieldwork. It was found that the paper map provided a reasonably accurate portrayal of textural distinctions, but lacked definition for drainage classes. Some reclassification of the map was therefore undertaken, and two new soil series were developed (the Ferrer and Motueka) to compliment the existing seven series (Riwaka, Umukuri, Sherry, Maori, Hau, Braeburn and Tahunanui). Some areas of the Ferrer series still exist within the Riwaka series as they could not be extracted due to the timeframe of this study. Soil physical and chemical analysis was also carried out on four of the most extensive and intensively used soils (Riwaka, Umukuri, Sherry and Ferrer). The Umukuri soil had the most suitable results from the tested physical factors, while the Riwaka came out as the poorest. The Riwaka was the most chemically fertile soil, while the Sherry was the least fertile. Current land use in the study area (a total of 4355 ha) is dominated by apples (30% or 1261 ha) and pasture (28% or 1207 ha) Other horticultural crops with significant areas in the study area are kiwifruit (499 ha), hops (218 ha) and blackcurrants (87 ha). There is limited potential for expansion of the more intensive land uses onto pasture, as the pasture is generally located on stony or wet soils making them unsuitable for horticulture. Land evaluation results demonstrated that all the sampled soils generally were well suited to hop, blackcurrant and kiwifruit. The Umukuri soil however was rated the most suitable, while the Sherry rated the poorest.
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    A comparison of classification techniques for monitoring and mapping land cover and land use changes in the subtropical region of Thai Nguyen, Vietnam : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Management at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2017) Tuyen, Ha Van
    Deriving land cover/land-use information from earth observation satellite data is one of the most common applications for environmental monitoring, evaluation and management. Many parametric and non-parametric classification algorithms have been developed and applied to such applications. This study looks at the classification accuracies of three algorithms for different spatial and spectral resolution data. The performance of Random Forest (RF) was compared to Maximum Likelihood (MLC) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) algorithms for the separation of subtropical land cover/land-use categories using Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 data. The overall, producers’ and users’ accuracies were derived from the confusion matrix, while local land use statistics were also collected to evaluate the accuracy of classified images. The accuracy assessment showed the RF algorithm regularly outperformed the MLC and ANN in both types of imagery data (>90%). This approach also exhibited potential in dealing with the challenge of separating similar man-made features such as urban/built-up and mining extraction classes. The ANN algorithm had the lowest accuracy among the three classification algorithms, while Landsat 8 imagery was most suitable for the classification of subtropical mixed and complex landscapes. As the RF algorithm demonstrated a robustness and potential for mapping subtropical land cover/land-use, this study chose it to monitor and map temporal land cover/land-use changes in Thai Nguyen, Vietnam between 2000 and 2016. The results of this temporal monitoring revealed that there were substantial changes in land cover/land use over the course of 16 years. Agricultural and forest land decreased, while urban and mining extraction land expanded significantly, and water increased slightly. Changes in land cover/land-use are strongly associated with geographic locations. The conversion of agriculture and forest into urban/builtup and mining extraction land was detected largely in the Thai Nguyen central city and southern regions. In addition, further GIS analysis revealed that approximately 69.6% (100.2km2) of new built-up areas had occurred within 2km of primary roads, and nearly 96% (137.6km2) of new built-up expansion was detected within a 5-km buffer of the main roads. This study also demonstrates the potential of multi-temporal Landsat data and the combination of remote sensing, GIS and R programming to provide a timely, accurate and economical means to map and analyse temporal changes for long-term local land use development planning. Keywords: Random forest; Land cover mapping; Remote Sensing; Vietnam
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    The Liberal Government's purchase and settlement of the Langdale Estate, Wairarapa (1900-1921) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2005) Kinnell, Donald
    Langdale Station is a 40-minute drive east from Masterton. This Wairarapa sheep, beef and grain farm is the remnant of a large estate owned by an English family until 1901. It was a four-hour coach trip from Masterton in those days. 1 The Langdale Settlement, Wellington, New Zealand, Wellington: T.Y. Duncan, Minister of Lands, 1901, p. 7 Modern travellers can journey down the picturesque Mangapakeha valley oblivious of the infamous swamp, and the role it played in the Liberal Government's purchase and settlement of Langdale. It seems incongruous in a colony founded on British principles of individual property rights that a government should embark on a programme of land redistribution. The Liberal Government purchased, by compulsion if necessary, large estates, and leased the subdivided land to settlers without right of freehold. Although the tenure strictures were relaxed, land-for-settlements remained in the New Zealand ethos and was later used to settle returned servicemen. Subsequent governments spent taxpayers' money settling 'productive people' on farms. 2 Economic Management: Land Use Issues, Wellington, Minister of Finance, 1984, pp. 60,67-68. Ironically, the 1980s' neo-liberal revolt ended government involvement in land settlement. [From Introduction]
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    The Christchurch green belt-- reality or just a name? : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Resource Planning, Massey University
    (Massey University, 1999) Chesterman, Rhys
    The Green belt concept grew out of the English Garden City movement of the nineteenth century. Although the thoughts and theory were widespread throughout the first half of the twentieth century, it was not until 1959 that green belt policy became legislative reality. The initial result was the London Green Belt: other green belts around major cities followed The predominant objective of the green belt at that time was to restrict urban sprawl, and the concept was initially well supported by citizens, planners and the Biitish government. The British government attaches great importance to green belts, which have been an essential element of planning policy for some four decades. The purposes of green belt policy and the related development control policies set out in 1955 remain valid today with remarkably little alteration. This sophisticated and comprehensive approach provided a model that many other cities around the world have since followed. Christchurch for example inherited its planning legacy from the British experience. Although first defined in 1954 as a 'non-settlement area', (meaning the same thing) it was not until the 1980's that the term 'green belt' was formally used in New Zealand statutory planning documents Since then (particularly in the later 1990's) there has been speculation that the green belt philosophy has begun to fade The green belt containment policy was designed to thwart urban spread but has instead led to piecemeal development. Essentially, this has led to a rethink of the green belt. There is some speculation that the codification of green belt policy that originated in 1955 in London is not applicable to the city of Christchurch. Furthermore, new legislation by the way of the Resource Management Act has altered the philosophies of land-use planning and encouraged a new way of thinking. This new thinking is based on sustainable management objectives and has been responsible for much of the green belt's recent decline. No longer can a single land-use tool restrict development in such a large area without considering other potential uses, while simultaneously juggling it with the sustainable management principle. Accordingly it has raised questions as to whether the Christchurch green belt concept is worth keeping, and if not, what other means are available to help continue to promote the green belt objectives that were first introduced many decades ago.
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    Rural land subdivision and suburbanisation in the peri-urban area, Kairanga County (1970-1980) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1980) Prangkio, Chira
    After briefly outlining the patterns and processes of rural land subdivision and suburbanisation in other parts of New Zealand, the thesis examines the rural land subdivision regulations and policies throughout the country. The development of a number of small size farmlets in the peri-urban areas has been an indicator of urban expansion in parts of the country. This study is based upon the Kairanga County, a rural area surrounding the city of Palmerston North. In the introduction the county is described as it relates to the rural land subdivision situation. The study of size of holding refers to those farmlets with an area of 20 hectares or less. It was found that most dwellings in the study area which had been built in the 1970s were concentrated upon 'subdivision' land. These farmlets or holdings also illustrated the patterns of change in land use and land holdings. There has been an increase in the number of dwellings in the rural area of the county, especially in 'subdivision' areas, with an average of more than sixteen houses per year. A small percentage of rural 'subdivision' landowners work full-time on their holdings but most of them are employed in non-farming occupations and only carry on part-time farming activities on their lands. There are 61 percent of all those employed in the county engaged in the non-farming occupations. It was found that there are more 'potential' subdivisions than 'actual' subdivisions both in terms of total area and of total numbers of holdings. Most small holdings tend to be located closer to the Palmerston North Urban Area. The total number of holdings has increased because larger holdings have been subdivided into smaller-sized holdings. The area of 'subdivision' land in holdings of 20 hectares or less represents 23 percent of the total occupied land in the county. The land use patterns of 'subdivision' land have changed with a greater variety of land uses and farming types. There was an average of at least two separate types of land use or farming on each holding. Some 5,003 hectares of land in the county has been legally subdivided for smaller farmlets each with an area of 20 hectares or less. When these farmlets become 'actual' subdivisions most of them would be in part for residential use and eventually add to the peri-urban area around Palmerston North City. Finally it was concluded that the pattern and process of suburbanisation of Kairanga County will continue as long as 'potential' subdivision land is available for settlement.
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    A resource inventory for the Ruamahanga Catchment, Wairarapa, New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Applied Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2007) Chrystall, Leila Margaret
    Currently, there is concern around various water management issues in the Ruamahanga Catchment, Wairarapa. This concern has prompted discussion among the stakeholders of the catchment about implementing an Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) Plan in the area. A prerequist of an ICM plan is to have a detailed resource inventory that documents the current state of the catchment, the level and areas of research already carried out in the catchment, and the specific problems occurring in the catchment. This report constitutes the Resource Inventory for the Ruamahanga Catchment and will serve as a discussion document that can be used by the stakeholders to implement an ICM plan. This Inventory organises information under twelve topic headings that range from land and climate, water resources and land use, to freshwater ecology and public perceptions on the state of the water resources in the catchment. Significant issues indentified in the catchment include; deteriorating water quality in the Ruamahanga River as it flows southwards; a significant increase (~14,000 kg/year) in dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) loading in the Ruamahanga River segment between Te Ore Ore and Gladstone, which in most part, is a result of the Masterton Sewage Treatment Plant discharge; unsatisfactory bathing water quality at some sites on the Ruamahanga River; a lower diversity of freshwater species than the rest of the Wellington Region; current and future land use intensification which is leading to increasing demands for water; and fully allocated surface water zones and groundwater aquifers. Recommendations are provided on how to improve the quality of data in this inventory, and also on how to proceed in the future with the findings of this report in mind. Faced with similar water quality issues as the Manawatu Catchment, stakeholders of the Ruamahanga Catchment should be aware of the outcomes of Horizon Regional Council's One Plan, and observe any success and failures of the One Plan when implementing an ICM Plan in the future.
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    Planning to develop land returned under Treaty settlement in Waikato, Aotearoa New Zealand : an institutional ethnography : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Health at Massey University, SHORE & Whāriki Research Centre, Aotearoa New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2017) Livesey, Brigid Te Ao McCallum
    This research investigates planning to develop land returned as settlement for breaches of Te Tiriti o Waitangi (the Treaty of Waitangi). Using institutional ethnography methodology, I explore a case study of the relationship between an iwi authority, Te Whakakitenga o Waikato, and a local authority, Hamilton City Council. In 1995, significant areas of land were returned to Waikato-Tainui through Treaty settlement. This research focuses on processes to develop planning regulation for land owned by Waikato-Tainui at Te Rapa, site of ‘The Base’ retail development and Te Awa shopping mall, and Ruakura where an inland port and associated activities are proposed. Iwi planning documents describe a vision to develop land returned under Treaty settlement. Commercial property development to regain ‘economic sovereignty’ is a critical element in the ‘integrated development agenda’ for Waikato-Tainui. However, critical discourse analysis and intertextual analysis illustrate that this vision is not well-reflected in local government planning documents. Relations between Hamilton City Council and Waikato-Tainui have changed from generally adversarial in 2009 during planning processes to restrict development at Te Rapa through Variation 21, to more collaborative during planning processes to approve the Ruakura Plan Change in 2014. Complementing data from interviewing practitioners with analysis of texts created through these planning processes, I consider control, timing, and trust as key factors in this changing relationship. This research provides evidence for dual planning traditions in Aotearoa New Zealand. Communal ownership of land and inalienability are characteristics of land returned under Treaty settlement which have influenced development decisions made by Waikato-Tainui. Planners and the planning profession can ‘transform’ planning practices to create new relationships between local government and iwi authorities. Interviews suggest that crosscultural planning can be a challenging and emotional experience. Iwi planning documents articulate a vision for future relationships based on mana whakahaere (affirming Māori authority) and mātauranga Māori (valuing Māori knowledge). In response, I highlight the need for changes to the New Zealand Planning Institute Code of Ethics to support planners working to decolonise planning. I conclude by ‘mapping’ the institution of planning for Treaty settlement land, and identifying levers which planners can use to support Māori goals for land development and economic self-determination.
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    Land use in the Manawatu : possible impact of a new agricultural processing industry : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1978) Ridler, Rowena Margaret
    The decision of the Canterbury (N.Z.) Malting Company to expand and to locate its second barley processing plant near Marton has meant that considerable land use changes may occur in the surrounding farming area, particularly the Manawatu coastal lowlands and terraces. A mail survey of 600 farmers in the Kairanga, Manawatu, Oroua and part of the Rangitikei counties found that of those responding, 51 farmers had definite intentions of growing barley for processing into malt and 74 possibly would do so. It was difficult to establish how much land would be affected because policy matters, such as returns, had not been established at the time of the survey. The plant requires over 30,000 tonnes or 7,000 hectares of barley annually once maltings are in full operation. Interesting observations were able to be made, however, with respect to characteristics of farmers likely to grow malting barley, how information about the malting barley plant has been diffused, and attitudes of farmers towards growing barley and engaging in contracts. The Manawatu is now an established mixed cropping and fat lamb farming region and the establishment of the malting barley plant should strengthen this position. Land use changes may occur in terms of changing cropping patterns if malting barley replaces other crops, but the impression gained is that most of the malting barley will be grown on land formerly in pasture. The nature of barley as a crop, with a short growing period and the ability of the pasture to be renewed with improved species in winter, means that the increased cropping may be complementary to the existing cropping/fattening pattern and enhance agricultural productivity in the region.