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    Greenhouse gas mitigation in pasture-based dairy production systems in New Zealand: A review of mitigation options and their interactions
    (Elsevier B.V., 2025-08) Kalehe Kankanamge E; Ramilan T; Tozer PR; de Klein C; Romera A; Pieralli S
    Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dairy farming is crucial for mitigating climate change and enhancing the environmental credentials of New Zealand's dairy exports. This paper aims to explore potential GHG mitigation measures and their interactive effects when combined within New Zealand context, emphasising the practicality of these combinations, particularly focusing on recent studies of pasture-based dairy systems. The review assesses various mitigation options across animal, manure management, feed-based, soil-related, and system-related interventions and identifies immediately applicable mitigation options based on specific criteria. It also discusses the implementation costs, implications on emissions, and the combined effects of these options when applied as bundles in pasture-based systems using a combination matrix. It is indicated that mitigation options on New Zealand's dairy farms can yield diverse outcomes and costs based on farming characteristics. By analysing different combinations of short-listed, it was found that although most mitigation options are compatible, some may have a lower overall reduction potential because of interaction effects. Integrating lower N fertiliser use, low-emission feed, and reduced stocking rates with high-performing animals provides a practical approach for GHG reductions and potential cost savings. However, implementing compatible mitigation bundles requires better quantification of their interactions, economic viability, and compatibility with existing farming systems which need further research.
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    Digital badges - What is the state of play within the New Zealand Higher Education sector?
    (ASCILTE - Australasian Society for Computers in Learning in Tertiary Education, 2018-01-01) Hartnett M; Campbell M; Willems J; Adachi C; Blake D; Doherty I; Krishnan S; Macfarlane S; Ngo L; O’Donnell M; Palmer S; Riddell L; Story I; Suri H; Tai J
    The importance and influence of digital technologies as a mediator and facilitator of learning is fundamentally changing education; what it encompasses, what counts as learning, who has access, where and when it occurs, and the ways in which skills, knowledge and capabilities are recognised. One technological innovation that has emerged within the last few years is digital badges. Developed to act as indicators of accomplishment, skill, or interest, they are being used in a variety of contexts for purposes such as to motivate, capture achievement, or credential learning. Digital badging is a technology that has the potential to change how we engage learners, deliver content and acknowledge learning. Internationally, digital badge use is growing particularly in Higher Education. However, to-date, it is difficult to determine how many institutions are using digital badges and for what purposes. This is particularly true within the New Zealand Higher Education context where little research is currently available. The focus of this study was to identify the ‘current state of play’ of digital badge use (i.e. which tertiary institutions are using badges, and the perceived benefits and drawbacks associated with their use) within the public New Zealand Higher Education sector.
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    Invited review: Bovine colostrum, a promising ingredient for humans and animals-Properties, processing technologies, and uses
    (Elsevier, 2023-08) Costa A; Sneddon NW; Goi A; Visentin G; Mammi LME; Savarino EV; Zingone F; Formigoni A; Penasa M; De Marchi M
    Mammalian colostrum, known as "liquid gold," is considered a valuable source of essential nutrients, growth factors, probiotics, prebiotics, antibodies, and other bioactive compounds. Precisely for this reason, bovine colostrum (BC) is an emerging ingredient for the feed, food, and pharmaceutical industries, being nowadays commercially available in a variety of forms in several countries. Moreover, quite a large number of functional foods and supplements for athletes, human medicines, pet nutrition plans, and complementary feed for some livestock categories, such as piglets and calves, contain BC. The amount of BC yielded by a cow after calving represents approximately 0.5% of the yearly output in dairy breeds. For its nutritional properties and low availability, BC is characterized by a greater market value and an increasing demand compared with other by-products of the dairy sector. However, information regarding the market size of BC for the food and pharmaceutical industries, as well as future developments and perspectives, is scarcely available in the scientific literature. This lack can be attributed to industrial secrecy as well as to the relatively small scale of the BC business when compared with other dairy products, which makes the BC market limited, specific, and intended for a restricted audience. From a legal perspective, regulations assign BC to the large family of milk-derived powders; thus, collecting specific production data, as well as import-export trend information, is not straightforward and can result in unprecise estimates. Given that the interest in BC is increasing in different fields, it is important to have an overview of the production steps and of pros and cons of this emerging ingredient. The present narrative review discloses why BC has started to be considered a product rather than a by-product of the dairy industry. Moreover, the present document aims to summarize the existing methodologies used to assess BC quality in terms of immunoglobulin concentration, the different applications of BC in the industry, and the BC processing technologies. Finally, a panoramic view of the current international market is provided for the first time for this dairy product.
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    Covid-19 and disruptive technology in New Zealand
    (Emerald Publishing Limited, 2024-02-22) Mat Aripin A; Brougham D
    Purpose COVID-19 has immensely disrupted business dynamism, providing catalyst innovation opportunities and transposing society's perception of disruptive technology (DT). This research increases the understanding of the impact of the pandemic in influencing the way organizations perceive DT and whether any mitigating factors were considered when deciding to adopt new technology during the pandemic. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was adopted in this research, consisting of 14 semi-structured interviews with eight senior managers and six employees, representing both the private and public sectors in New Zealand. All participants had in-depth knowledge of organizational DT adoption during the pandemic. Two separate sets of semi-structured interviews were used to enable comparison between senior managers' and employees' experiences of organizational adoption of DT post-emergence of COVID-19. Due to the nature of this research being conducted on organizational adoption of DT during the pandemic, time constraints and sample size were two of the key limitations of this research. Specifically, potential participants widely cited unavailability due to additional pressure from COVID-19. Given the limited research in this area, this study is explorative by nature and adds significant insights to the literature. Findings The findings suggest that COVID-19 has contributed towards an increased acceptance of, reliance on and adoption of DT across both organizational and social landscapes. The authors found that one of the reasons COVID-19 expedites the adoption of DT correlates with the notion of technology dependency, with organizations citing DT as a viable part of a business continuity plan (BCP) to counter the unpredictability of ongoing disruptive events associated with COVID-19 or any similar disruption which may be on the horizon. These findings are highly relevant as they suggest that the labor market in New Zealand is flexible so organizations and employees can adapt to DT and COVID-19. Originality/value This research adds much-needed insight into the emerging field of research that examines COVID-19's impact on the adoption of DT from both management and employee perspectives
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    A quantitative comparison of towed-camera and diver-camera transects for monitoring coral reefs
    (PeerJ Inc., 2021) Cresswell AK; Ryan NM; Heyward AJ; Smith ANH; Colquhoun J; Case M; Birt MJ; Chinkin M; Wyatt M; Radford B; Costello P; Gilmour JP; Toonen R
    Novel tools and methods for monitoring marine environments can improve efficiency but must not compromise long-term data records. Quantitative comparisons between new and existing methods are therefore required to assess their compatibility for monitoring. Monitoring of shallow water coral reefs is typically conducted using diver-based collection of benthic images along transects. Diverless systems for obtaining underwater images (e.g. towed-cameras, remotely operated vehicles, autonomous underwater vehicles) are increasingly used for mapping coral reefs. Of these imaging platforms, towed-cameras offer a practical, low cost and efficient method for surveys but their utility for repeated measures in monitoring studies has not been tested. We quantitatively compare a towed-camera approach to repeated surveys of shallow water coral reef benthic assemblages on fixed transects, relative to benchmark data from diver photo-transects. Differences in the percent cover detected by the two methods was partly explained by differences in the morphology of benthic groups. The reef habitat and physical descriptors of the site-slope, depth and structural complexity-also influenced the comparability of data, with differences between the tow-camera and the diver data increasing with structural complexity and slope. Differences between the methods decreased when a greater number of images were collected per tow-camera transect. We attribute lower image quality (variable perspective, exposure and focal distance) and lower spatial accuracy and precision of the towed-camera transects as the key reasons for differences in the data from the two methods and suggest changes to the sampling design to improve the application of tow-cameras to monitoring.
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    Multitarget preservation technologies for chemical-free sustainable meat processing
    (Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Institute of Food Technologists, 2022-10-19) Kaur R; Kaur L; Gupta TB; Singh J; Bronlund J
    Due to the growing consumer demand for safe and naturally processed meats, the meat industry is seeking novel methods to produce safe-to-consume meat products without affecting their sensory appeal. The green technologies can maintain the sensory and nutritive characteristics and ensure the microbial safety of processed meats and, therefore, can help to reduce the use of chemical preservatives in meat products. The use of chemical additives, especially nitrites in processed meat products, has become controversial because they may form carcinogenic N-nitrosamines, a few of which are suspected as cancer precursors. Thus, the objective of reducing or eliminating nitrite is of great interest to meat researchers and industries. This review, for the first time, discusses the influence of processing technologies such as microwave, irradiation, high-pressure thermal processing (HPTP) and multitarget preservation technology on the quality characteristics of processed meats, with a focus on their sensory quality. These emerging technologies can help in the alleviation of ingoing nitrite or formed nitrosamine contents in meat products. The multitarget preservation technology is an innovative way to enhance the shelf life of meat products through the combined use of different technologies/natural additives. The challenges and opportunities associated with the use of these technologies for processing meat are also reviewed.
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    Re-tuning the mind's ear : an anonymous history of acoustic prosthetic technologies for the ear : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Communication at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2019) Herlihy, Bridget Clare
    Over the last century the use of wearable personal acoustic technologies for the ear in a variety of different guises has become commonplace in daily life. These devices, such as hearing aids and headphones, have the propensity to reshape auditory experience and in turn, the perception of acoustic space by enabling personalised and immersive encounters with sound that alter the user’s understanding of, and relationship to, their surrounding environment. The aim of this study is to explore how acoustic prosthetic devices modify how sound is experienced, and how ensuing changes in auditory acuity affect the user’s perception of acoustic space. To achieve these aims this study compiled an anonymous history of acoustic space through the lens of various acoustic prosthetic technologies for the ear. It presents an historical analysis of the development and application of these personal devices in key areas of innovation and application, in particular hearing aids, the stethoscope, and headphones. In this thesis, a hybrid methodological approach is offered to expand Siegfried Giedion’s contribution to anonymous history by integrating analysis of a postphenomenology of embodiment. This methodology illustrates the ways in which the technological evolution of these devices across history significantly influenced the user’s experience of mediated sound and, in turn, acoustic space. This research provides further insight into, first, the ways in which hearing aids, devices used to ameliorate a deficit in hearing, historically contributed to a reshaping of the user’s perception of acoustic space. Second, this thesis examines how the development and application of the stethoscope marked the beginning of a movement towards the increasing privatisation of mediated listening experiences. Finally, the influence towards private mediated experiences of sound that began to build momentum in the late nineteenth century is explored to foreground the increasingly widespread use of prosthetic technologies for the ear, in particular headphones, also examined in this thesis. In so doing, this study draws attention to new complexities in the experience of auditory encounters facilitated by acoustic prosthetics. The thesis further reveals the paradoxical nature of these devices as their form and function has continued to evolve over time. Additionally, through the integration of digital technology, this study also explores how acoustic prosthetic wearers are able to facilitate, and control, new hybridised and customised experiences of sound and acoustic space. It is argued that the new and increasing ability to experience what is not possible through the unmediated ear raises new challenges to the ways in which acoustic space has previously been considered. Heterogeneous experiences of acoustic space made possible through rapidly advancing developments in prosthetic technologies for the ear require greater consideration, in particular the potential effect(s) that these experiences of acoustic space have upon the re-tuning of the mind’s ear.
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    'Technologists' alongside : impact on student understandings in technology : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2007) Harwood, Cliff
    This research focuses on ascertaining the impact of technologists working alongside students; in particular the influence their involvement has on their understandings of and about Technology. The research was conducted within an interpretive paradigm. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered using a mixed methods approach which consisted of a written questionnaire, followed by purposive interviews. The participants in the study were students in years 11 and 12 in 2005. Data from these participants were also gathered in 2006. The research findings identified that when students work alongside a technologist(s) to resolve problems embedded within real-life contexts, their concepts of technology and its purpose are enhanced. These findings also highlighted the importance of ensuring that student learning intentions (those learning outcomes which are planned) are shared between all parties involved in the learning environment (teachers, practicing technologists and students), so that interactions between students and technologists have a positive influence on student learning. This research concludes that the involvement of practicing technologists, in student learning in technology education, offers the potential to enhance student's technological practice and their learning in technology generally.
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    A heat shock process for the puffing of dried food gels : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Food Technology in Food Chemistry and Engineering at Massey University of Manawatu, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1965) Perreau, Rex George
    There has been increasing interest in recent years in the use of dehydration as a technique for the preservation of foodstuffs. An extract of production figures compiled by Van Arsdel (1963) is given in Table (l). The production per year, in tons, of six dehydrated foods in the United States of America is shown and indicates this trend which is particularly marked in the production of dried potatoes (mainly instant mashed potatoes), and non-fat milk solids.[FROM INTRODUCTION]
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    Using marketing concepts to facilitate upstream public engagement with science : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marketing at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2016) Feetham, Pamela May
    This thesis investigates whether marketing theories and methodologies can be used to facilitate upstream public engagement with contentious scientific issues. Upstream engagement requires the early involvement of citizens in decisions about new science or technology from the conceptualisation stage onwards; before ingrained attitudes, social representations or frames in the media bias responses. Contemporary approaches to science communication lack consensus on the most appropriate approach to engage the public with new science and technology. The research addresses upstream communication in the context of climate engineering. Scientists and the International Panel for Climate Change are considering climate engineering as a potential solution to global warming, given that the present methods of mitigation and adaptation have so far failed to sufficiently reduce global temperatures to a level of 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels. The communication of potential solutions to global warming is a vital part of a critical global issue that will impact the planet’s eco-systems, biodiversity and future generations. Marketing may be able to provide methodologies and techniques for evaluating and measuring public perceptions of climate engineering. As well as contributing to upstream science communication and public engagement, the research contributes to marketing theory in two ways. First, it extends the application of brand image research founded on the Associative Network Theory of Memory (ANTM) to science concepts, demonstrating the robustness of the theory. Second, it extends the information dual-processing theory to investigate the effects of intuitive and deliberative thinking on concept evaluations, and whether these views change with greater deliberation. In the qualitative phase, thirty exploratory semi-structured depth interviews, using two methods of attribute elicitation, provided 12 common attributes associated with climate engineering. The findings identified an overall negative public reaction to the four climate engineering technologies tested. The independent qualitative findings also revealed a strikingly clear result – Carbon Dioxide Removal technologies are perceived more positively than Solar Radiation Management technologies. The subsequent quantitative on-line surveys tested public perceptions of six climate engineering techniques in Australia (n =1,006) and New Zealand (n =1,022). The results of the on-line surveys supported the qualitative findings that associations with climate engineering techniques are predominately negative, and allowed further diagnostic insights into the sources of these evaluations for each of the individual techniques tested. The analysis established the data are robust and stable across the two countries and the methodologies are validated by the strikingly similar aggregate findings across the qualitative and quantitative stages. For the comparison of intuitive and deliberative thinking on memory associations with climate engineering the effects are measured by comparing within sample groups split by the length of time taken to complete the online survey. In Australia, the findings show that greater deliberative thinking is associated with more negative evaluations, indicating that intuitive and deliberative thinking do give different results in magnitude, if not in direction for these data. In New Zealand, greater deliberative thinking is not associated with more negative evaluations suggesting that the effect of deliberative thinking on the evaluation of climate engineering concepts is moderated by the country of study, or by the prior beliefs of the country’s population. A final stage of research used five focus groups in New Zealand to investigate whether deliberative arguments and interactions help participants make sense of unfamiliar, multifaceted or contentious issues, and whether different perspectives are influenced by age, gender or the ethnicity of participants. Overall, most participants were sceptical of climate engineering, although some between-group differences were apparent. Knowledge of climate engineering varied between groups, with younger participants unaware of climate engineering, and reluctant to consider research on the technologies. Conversely, in the retiree group all but one participant had heard of climate engineering and the most of the participants were receptive to the idea of proceeding with research on climate engineering technologies. This further demonstrates that the effects of deliberation may be context specific. The results confirm the practicality of extending concept testing and measurement of memory associations to upstream engagement for controversial scientific methods, showing convergent validity across countries and methods. The results demonstrate that mixed mode research using marketing techniques yields a range of insights that are not otherwise available in upstream public engagement. Finally, the research finds that more deliberative responses may affect the magnitude of concept evaluations, but the effect is contextual. This highlights the need for further research to provide better understanding of the effect of deliberation on evaluations.