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Item Adherence to Dietary and Lifestyle Guidelines Among Women With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and the Influence of a Student-Led Dietetic Clinics(Wiley Periodicals LLC, Hoboken, USA, 2025-02-23) Illenberger K; Sekula J; Lawrence RWomen with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Healthy diet and lifestyle habits may contribute to reducing this risk. This study aimed to describe dietary intake and lifestyle habits of women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus and determine the impact of nutrition and lifestyle counseling on dietary intake and lifestyle goals. This retrospective cohort study included 32 women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus 6 months postpartum who attended the student-led nutrition clinic between 01 June 2021 and 31 August 2022. Dietary intake, lifestyle, and physical activity habits were extracted from student dietitians' notes. The mid-p-value McNemar's test was used to determine whether attendance at the student-led dietetic clinic was associated with a change in the proportion of women meeting the guidelines. Fifteen percent (n = 5) of women did not meet any food group recommendations prior to any interventions. Most women (46.8%) engaged in less than the recommended level of physical activity and more than a quarter (28.1%) did not engage in any physical activity at their initial consultation. After attending at least one consultation, a greater proportion of women met recommendations for at least one food group (41.1% vs. 18.7%, p = 0.256) and a greater proportion of women met physical activity guidelines (60% vs. 25%, p = 0.125). In this cohort of postpartum women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus, adherence to the Ministry of Health Eating and Activity guidelines was poor. Positive changes towards adherence are possible after attendance at a student-led nutrition and dietetic clinic.Item Time in Bed, Sleeping Difficulties, and Nutrition in Pregnant New Zealand Women.(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-02-23) McDonald BW; Watson PE; Trakada GWe consider the relationship between time in bed (TIB) and sleeping difficulties with demographic variables and nutrient intakes in the second (T2) and third (T3) trimester of pregnancy. Data were acquired from a volunteer sample of New Zealand pregnant women. In T2 and T3, questionnaires were administered, diets were obtained from one 24 h recall and three weighed food records, and physical activity was measured with the use of three 24 h diaries. In total, 370 women had complete information in T2 and 310 in T3. In both trimesters, TIB was associated with welfare or disability status, marital status and age. In T2, TIB was associated with work, childcare, education and pre-pregnancy alcohol consumption. There were fewer significant lifestyle covariates in T3. In both trimesters, TIB declined with increasing dietary intake, especially water, protein, biotin, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and manganese. Adjusted for weight of dietary intake and welfare/disability, TIB declined with increasing nutrient density of B vitamins, saturated fats, potassium, fructose and lactose; and TIB increased with carbohydrate, sucrose and vitamin E. Subjective sleeping difficulties increased with the week of gestation, morning sickness severity, anxiety, dairy and saturated fat intake, and they decreased with fruit, vegetable and monounsaturated fat intake. The study highlights the changing influence of covariates throughout the pregnancy and corroborates several published findings on the relationship of diet and sleep.Item Oxidation of independent and combined ingested galactose and glucose during exercise.(American Physiological Society, 2022-10-06) Odell OJ; Impey SG; Shad BJ; Podlogar T; Salgueiro RB; Rowlands DS; Wallis GACoingestion of glucose and galactose has been shown to enhance splanchnic extraction and metabolism of ingested galactose at rest; effects during exercise are unknown. This study examined whether combined ingestion of galactose and glucose during exercise enhances exogenous galactose oxidation. Fourteen endurance-trained male and female participants [age, 27 (5) yr; V̇o2peak, 58.1 (7.0) mL·kg−1·min−1] performed cycle ergometry for 150 min at 50% peak power on four occasions, in a randomized counterbalanced manner. During exercise, they ingested beverages providing carbohydrates at rates of 0.4 g.min−1 galactose (GAL), 0.8 g.min−1 glucose (GLU), and on two occasions 0.8 g.min−1 total galactose-glucose (GAL + GLU; 1:1 ratio). Single-monosaccharide 13C-labeling (*) was used to calculate independent (GAL, GLU, GAL* + GLU, and GAL + GLU*) and combined (GAL* + GLU*, COMBINE) exogenous-monosaccharide oxidation between exercise. Plasma galactose concentrations with GAL + GLU [0.4 mmol.L; 95% confidence limits (CL): 0.1, 0.6] were lower (contrast: 0.5 mmol.L; 95% CL: 0.2, 0.8; P < 0.0001) than when GAL alone (0.9 mmol.L; 95% CL: 0.7, 1.2) was ingested. Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation with GAL alone (0.31 g·min−1; 95% CL: 0.28, 0.35) was marginally reduced (contrast: 0.05 g·min−1; 95% CL: −0.09, 0.00007; P = 0.01) when combined with glucose (GAL* + GLU 0.27 g·min−1; 0.24, 0.30). Total combined exogenous-carbohydrate oxidation (COMBINE: 0.57 g·min−1; 95% CL: 0.49, 0.64) was similar (contrast: 0.02 g·min−1; 95% CL: −0.05, 0.09; P = 0.63) when compared with isoenergetic GLU (0.55 g·min−1; 95% CL: 0.52, 0.58). In conclusion, coingestion of glucose and galactose did not enhance exogenous galactose oxidation during exercise. When combined, isoenergetic galactose-glucose ingestion elicited similar exogenous-carbohydrate oxidation to glucose suggesting galactose-glucose blends are a valid alternative for glucose as an exogenous-carbohydrate source during exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Glucose and galactose coingestion blunted the galactosemia seen with galactose-only ingestion during exercise. Glucose and galactose coingestion did not enhance the oxidation of ingested galactose during exercise. Combined galactose-glucose (1:1 ratio) ingestion was oxidized to a similar extent as isoenergetic glucose-only ingestion during exercise. Galactose-glucose blends are a viable exogenous carbohydrate energy source for ingestion during exercise.Item Enhancing health outcomes for Māori elders through an intergenerational cultural exchange and physical activity programme: a cross-sectional baseline study(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023-12-12) Oetzel JG; Zhang Y; Nock S; Meha P; Huriwaka H; Vercoe M; Tahu T; Urlich J; Warbrick R; Brown G; Keown S; Rewi P; Erueti B; Warbrick I; Jackson A-M; Perry T; Reddy R; Simpson ML; Cameron MP; Hokowhitu B; Rashedi VBACKGROUND: The study offers baseline data for a strengths-based approach emphasizing intergenerational cultural knowledge exchange and physical activity developed through a partnership with kaumātua (Māori elders) and kaumātua service providers. The study aims to identify the baseline characteristics, along with correlates of five key outcomes. METHODS: The study design is a cross-sectional survey. A total of 75 kaumātua from six providers completed two physical functioning tests and a survey that included dependent variables based in a holistic model of health: health-related quality of life (HRQOL), self-rated health, spirituality, life satisfaction, and loneliness. RESULTS: The findings indicate that there was good reliability and moderate scores on most variables. Specific correlates included the following: (a) HRQOL: emotional support (β = 0.31), and frequent interaction with a co-participant (β = 0.25); (b) self-rated health: frequency of moderate exercise (β = 0.32) and sense of purpose (β = 0.27); (c) spirituality: sense of purpose (β = 0.46), not needing additional help with daily tasks (β = 0.28), and level of confidence with cultural practices (β = 0.20); (d) life satisfaction: sense of purpose (β = 0.57), frequency of interaction with a co-participant (β = -0.30), emotional support (β = 0.25), and quality of relationship with a co-participant (β = 0.16); and (e) lower loneliness: emotional support (β = 0.27), enjoyment interacting with a co-participant (β = 0.25), sense of purpose (β = 0.24), not needing additional help with daily tasks (β = 0.28), and frequency of moderate exercise (β = 0.18). CONCLUSION: This study provides the baseline scores and correlates of important social and health outcomes for the He Huarahi Tautoko (Avenue of Support) programme, a strengths-based approach for enhancing cultural connection and physical activity.Item Replacing Sedentary Time with Physically Active Behaviour Predicts Improved Body Composition and Metabolic Health Outcomes(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-07) O'Brien WJ; Rauff EL; Shultz SP; Sloughter M; Fink PW; Breier B; Kruger RBackground: Discretionary leisure time for health-promoting physical activity (PA) is limited. This study aimed to predict body composition and metabolic health marker changes from PA reallocation using isotemporal substitution analysis. Methods: Healthy New Zealand women (n = 175; 16–45 y) with high BMI (≥25 kg/m2) and high body fat percentage (≥30%) were divided into three groups by ethnicity (Māori n = 37, Pacific n = 54, and New Zealand European n = 84). PA, fat mass, lean mass, and metabolic health were assessed. Isotemporal substitution paradigms reallocated 30 min/day of sedentary behaviour to varying PA intensities. Results: Reallocating sedentary behaviour with moderate intensity, PA predicted Māori women would have improved body fat% (14.83%), android fat% (10.74%), and insulin levels (55.27%) while the model predicted Pacific women would have improved waist-to-hip (6.40%) and android-to-gynoid (19.48%) ratios. Replacing sedentary time with moderate-vigorous PA predicted Māori women to have improved BMI (15.33%), waist circumference (9.98%), body fat% (16.16%), android fat% (12.54%), gynoid fat% (10.04%), insulin (55.58%), and leptin (43.86%) levels; for Pacific women, improvement of waist-to-hip-ratio (5.30%) was predicted. Conclusions: Sedentary behaviour must be substituted with PA of at least moderate intensity to reap benefits. Māori women received the greatest benefits when reallocating PA. PA recommendations to improve health should reflect the needs and current activity levels of specific populations.Item The Effect of a 10-Week Physical Activity Programme on Fundamental Movement Skills in 3-4-Year-Old Children within Early Childhood Education Centres.(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-06) Ali A; McLachlan C; Mugridge O; McLaughlin T; Conlon C; Clarke L; Delisle Nyström CThe objective of this study was to examine the effect of a 10-week physical activity (PA) programme, in early childhood education (ECE) settings, on 3 and 4-year-old children's fundamental movement skills (FMS). A further aim was to examine FMS three-months post-intervention. The PA instructors delivered one 45 min session/week over 10 weeks, to 3- and 4-year-old children (n = 46), across four ECE centres. These sessions involved participation from ECE teachers. Children in the control group (CON; n = 20) received no PA classes and completed pre- and post-intervention assessments only. Locomotor (e.g., running/hopping) and object-control (e.g., kicking/throwing) skills were assessed using the Test for Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2), before and after the intervention and, for the intervention group (EXP), at 3 months. Locomotor and object-control skills significantly improved in the EXP group, with typically no change in the CON group. The EXP group's locomotor and object-control skills were maintained at 3 months. The 10-week PA intervention successfully improved 3- and 4-year-old children's FMS.Item The effect of mild sleep deprivation on diet and eating behaviour in children: protocol for the Daily Rest, Eating, and Activity Monitoring (DREAM) randomized cross-over trial(BioMed Central Ltd, 2019-10-22) Ward AL; Galland BC; Haszard JJ; Meredith-Jones K; Morrison S; McIntosh DR; Jackson R; Beebe DW; Fangupo L; Richards R; Te Morenga L; Smith C; Elder DE; Taylor RWBACKGROUND: Although insufficient sleep has emerged as a strong, independent risk factor for obesity in children, the mechanisms by which insufficient sleep leads to weight gain are uncertain. Observational research suggests that being tired influences what children eat more than how active they are, but only experimental research can determine causality. Few experimental studies have been undertaken to determine how reductions in sleep duration might affect indices of energy balance in children including food choice, appetite regulation, and sedentary time. The primary aim of this study is to objectively determine whether mild sleep deprivation increases energy intake in the absence of hunger. METHODS: The Daily, Rest, Eating, and Activity Monitoring (DREAM) study is a randomized controlled trial investigating how mild sleep deprivation influences eating behaviour and activity patterns in children using a counterbalanced, cross-over design. One hundred and ten children aged 8-12 years, with normal reported sleep duration of 8-11 h per night will undergo 2 weeks of sleep manipulation; seven nights of sleep restriction by going to bed 1 hr later than usual, and seven nights of sleep extension going to bed 1 hr earlier than usual, separated by a washout week. During each experimental week, 24-h movement behaviours (sleep, physical activity, sedentary behaviour) will be measured via actigraphy; dietary intake and context of eating by multiple 24-h recalls and wearable camera images; and eating behaviours via objective and subjective methods. At the end of each experimental week a feeding experiment will determine energy intake from eating in the absence of hunger. Differences between sleep conditions will be determined to estimate the effects of reducing sleep duration by 1-2 h per night. DISCUSSION: Determining how insufficient sleep predisposes children to weight gain should provide much-needed information for improving interventions for the effective prevention of obesity, thereby decreasing long-term morbidity and healthcare burden. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001671257 . Registered 10 October 2018.Item An exploration of New Zealand mental health nurses' personal physical activities(John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd, 2022-06) Philbrick G; Sheridan NF; McCauley KThis study assessed the physical activities of Mental Health Nurses (MHN) in New Zealand against the 2018 World Health Organization recommended minimum levels of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The research design was exploratory and descriptive as there were no previous studies about physical activity levels of MHNs in New Zealand. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ, Long Version) which included options for free-text responses. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. A total of 266 participants returned the survey, a response rate of 4%, and a limitation of the study. More than 50% of MHNs reported <150 min of moderate-to-vigorous exercise per week for each of the four physical activity domains. When individual physical activity domains were combined, only 10% spent <150 min on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Work-related physical activities were higher for those working in the inpatient area than in community settings. Transport-related physical activities were higher for those working in community settings. Participants registered from 6 to 20 years had more time sitting than other groups. Nurses aged 55 years and above showed the highest total physical activity levels. Moreover, healthcare organizations and nurse leaders need to promote physical activity and provide wellness intervention for their staff. Nurses who are physically active may be more effective in supporting their patients to increase their physical activity.Item Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Associated With Body Composition and Metabolic Profiles of Pacific and New Zealand European Women With Different Metabolic Disease Risks.(Frontiers Media SA, 26/05/2021) Slater J; Kruger R; Douwes J; O'Brien WJ; Corbin M; Miles-Chan JL; Breier BHObjective: To assess associations between physical activity (PA), body composition, and biomarkers of metabolic health in Pacific and New Zealand European (NZE) women who are known to have different metabolic disease risks. Methods: Pacific (n = 142) or NZE (n = 162) women aged 18-45 years with a self-reported body mass index (BMI) of either 18.5-25.0 kg⋅m-2 or ≥30.0 kg⋅m-2 were recruited and subsequently stratified as either low (<35%) or high (≥35%) BF%, with approximately half of each group in either category. Seven-day accelerometery was used to assess PA levels. Fasting blood was analysed for biomarkers of metabolic health, and whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to estimate body composition. Results: Mean moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; min⋅day-1) levels differed between BF% (p < 0.05) and ethnic (p < 0.05) groups: Pacific high- 19.1 (SD 15.2) and low-BF% 26.3 (SD 15.6) and NZE high- 30.5 (SD 19.1) and low-BF% 39.1 (SD 18.4). On average Pacific women in the low-BF% group engaged in significantly less total PA when compared to NZE women in the low-BF% group (133 cpm); no ethnic difference in mean total PA (cpm) between high-BF% groups were observed: Pacific high- 607 (SD 185) and low-BF% 598 (SD 168) and NZE high- 674 (SD 210) and low-BF% 731 (SD 179). Multiple linear regression analysis controlling for age and deprivation showed a significant inverse association between increasing total PA and fasting plasma insulin among Pacific women; every 100 cpm increase in total PA was associated with a 6% lower fasting plasma insulin; no significant association was observed in NZE women. For both Pacific and NZE women, there was an 8% reduction in fasting plasma insulin for every 10-min increase in MVPA (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Increases in total PA and MVPA are associated with lower fasting plasma insulin, thus indicating a reduction in metabolic disease risk. Importantly, compared to NZE, the impact of increased total PA on fasting insulin may be greater in Pacific women. Considering Pacific women are a high metabolic disease risk population, these pre-clinical responses to PA may be important in this population; indicating promotion of PA in Pacific women should remain a priority.Item The effect of COVID-19 restrictions on physical activity levels and mental well-being in adult females living in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand(Massey University, 2022) Awsi, HayaBackground: Previous research has suggested positive associations between physical activity (PA), mental health (MH) and well-being, however the current literature also suggests that females are less active than males. With the arrival of Coronavirus (COVID-19), containment strategies were implemented to minimise the global spread of COVID-19, with varying degrees of physical containment and social isolation. These containment strategies have impacted individuals’ ‘normal’ daily routines and social lives, changed the way we work and reduced opportunities in typical avenues of PA including gyms, recreational facilities and sport. The impact of such restrictions on PA levels in females, and the effect on MH and well-being has not been described in the research to date. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand the effect of the New Zealand Government’s COVID-19 containment strategies on adult females’ PA and mental well-being. The researchers also sought to identify factors that influenced PA participation during these periods of social isolation and physical containment. Methods: Adult females residing in New Zealand (n = 1504; mean ± SD : age 48 ± 14 years, 83.4% New Zealand European) were recruited through a combination of convenience and snowball sampling and completed two amalgamated anonymous online surveys during Level 4 (L4) lockdown and Level 2 (L2) restrictions (Qualtrics; Survey 1 - 10-29th April 2020; Survey 2 - 5-18th June 2020) to assess PA via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire – short form (IPAQ-SF), MH via the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-9 (DASS-9) and well-being via the World Health Organization Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5). PA level was classified as high (≥3000 MET·min·wk⁻¹), moderate (≥600 to 2999 MET·min·wk⁻¹) or low (˂600 MET·min·wk⁻¹). Factors that influenced PA participation were assessed as to whether they had no influence or some influence on PA participation. Results: Our participants were sufficiently physically active to meet the WHO and New Zealand PA guidelines, and more met the PA guidelines during L4 (94.1%) than pre COIVD-19 (79.4%) or during L2 (85%). Although PA was higher during L4, sitting time was also significantly higher when compared to L2 (449 ± 169 vs 426 ± 189 min·wk⁻¹). Well-being scores (WHO-5) were higher at L4 (59 ± 20) than at L2 (57 ± 20). DASS-Anxiety scores were lower at L4 (0.5 ± 1.1) than at L2 (0.6 ± 1.2), whereas DASS-Depression and -Stress scores were higher at L4 (Depression 1.9 ± 1.8, Stress 1.9 ± 1.6) than at L2 (Depression 1.6 ± 1.7, Stress 1.7 ± 1.6). Compared to those who participated in lower levels of PA (according to IPAQ classification), those who participated in higher levels of PA had higher WHO-5 scores at both L4 (66.3 ± 19.3, p < 0.001) and L2 (62.9 ± 19.6). The high IPAQ group also had lower DASS-Depression, -Anxiety and -Stress scores ([1.5 ± 1.6, p < 0.001][0.3 ± 0.9, p < 0.001][1.6 ± 1.5, p < 0.001]) compared to those in the low group. The major factors that influenced PA participation were time available, working situation and MH. Conclusions: These results support previous findings on the positive association between PA, MH and well-being in females and illustrates the importance of maintaining adequate PA levels during times of mental unease, such as during a global pandemic or periods of social isolation. Governments and public health advisers are encouraged to use the findings and recommendations in this report to encourage and promote PA in the event a situation such as COVID-19 was to arise again in the future in order to best preserve the mental well-being of females and other New Zealanders.