The effects of uterine environment upon embryonic, fetal, neonatal and post-natal development and glucose metabolism in sheep : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Date
2010
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Massey University
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Abstract
Studies of humans and domestic animals have shown that there is a linkage between
the neonatal and post-natal health of an individual and its uterine environment during
gestation. However, very little information exists for sheep and there have been no
studies that have directly examined the stage of gestation at which such effects could
be introduced to the conceptus.
In the present study, pure-breed embryos were transferred within and reciprocally
between large (Suffolk: S) and small (Cheviot: C) breeds of sheep to establish
different uterine environments; SinS (large control), SinC (restricted environment),
CinS (luxurious environment) and CinC (small control) and their effects upon
embryonic, fetal, neonatal and post-natal development and glucose metabolism of
lambs were examined.
By Day 19 of gestation, conceptuses (embryo and trophoblast) developing in a
restricted uterine environment (SinC) were smaller (P<0.05) than in control (SinS).
The head length of SinC fetuses was smaller (P<0.05) than in SinS fetuses on Day 55
of gestation and SinC lambs were lighter and smaller (P<0.05) than SinS lambs at
birth. During subsequent post-natal life, there was no difference (P>0.05) in the
growth rate of SinC and SinS lambs. The liveweight and body dimensions of SinC
lambs were lower (P<0.05) than SinS lambs until 9 weeks and 12 weeks of age,
respectively. Day 19 peri-implantation embryos and trophoblasts that developed in a
luxurious environment were bigger than in control (CinC). However, CinS fetal size
did not differ (P>0.05) from CinC fetuses by Day 55 of gestation. There was no
difference (P>0.05) in the birthweight and body dimensions of lambs born from
these two groups. Dimension of the placentas of SinC and SinS or CinS and CinC
did not differ (P<0.05) during gestation or at lambing. Concentrations of ovine
placental lactogen (oPL), progesterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucose
and free fatty acid (FFA) differed between uterine environments. During glucose
challenge tests, there were no differences in the concentrations of glucose and
insulin, between SinC and SinS female lambs, however, glucose concentrations
declined more rapidly (P<0.05) in CinS than CinC female lambs at one year of age.
It was concluded that restricted uterine environment affects embryonic, fetal and
neonatal development of lambs, and that these effects perpetuates until at least one
year of age; but there was no effect upon glucose metabolism. Conversely, a
luxurious uterine environment enhances the early development of embryos but had
no effects upon subsequent fetal, neonatal and post-natal development; however
glucose metabolism of post-natal female lambs was improved. It appears that these
effects of uterine environment were mediated through the trophoblast during the
early embryonic period and via the placenta during subsequent gestation. oPL,
progesterone, IGF-1, glucose and FFA were implicated in feto-maternal dialogue.
These results suggest that uterine environment significantly influences the biology of
young sheep with possible economic consequences.
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Keywords
Sheep embryos, Fetus development, Lamb biology, Lamb physiology