Novel pour-on technology in cattle : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Veterinary Clinical Science at Massey University
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Date
1998
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Massey University
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Abstract
To date the majority of commercially available pharmaceutical pour-on formulations have been used for the control of internal and external parasites in cattle. The objective of this research was to design pour-ons with novel applications, using cattle as the model species. Serum and liver α-tocopherol concentrations following topical application of α-tocopherol were investigated using 30 mixed age non-lactating Friesian cows. Cows were randomly allocated to 1 of 5 groups and were treated on day 0 with 1 of 4 formulations or left untreated. Formulations were designed using combinations of permeation enhancers that have been shown to promote the absorption of lipophilic substances. All formulations contained equal quantities of α-tocopherol and were applied at a dose of 0.95 g dl-α-tocopherol acetate / 50 kg live weight. Concentrations of α-tocopherol in serum and liver were monitored for 20 days following treatment. Serum α-tocopherol concentration was significantly increased in 1 group on day 2 and in 2 groups on day 6. It is concluded that α-tocopherol can pass through the skin into the systemic circulation when applied topically. Thirty Hereford yearlings were used to investigate the concentration of vitamin B12 in plasma and liver following the topical administration of 2 vitamin B12 pour-ons. Animals in the 2 treatment groups received a dose of 6mg cyanocobalamin per 50 kg live weight of their allotted pour-on on the first and seventh days of the trial. Control animals received no treatment. Blood samples were collected from all cows on days 0, 2, 7, 9, and 14 for assay of plasma vitamin B12 concentration. Liver samples were collected from 5 of the cows in each group on days 0, 7, and 14 and were also analysed for vitamin B12 concentration. Differences between treatment groups in plasma and liver vitamin B12 concentrations were not significant. It was concluded that cyanocobalamin did not cross the skin in high enough concentrations to elicit a statistically significant blood or liver response. The dermal permeability of 3 selenium pour-on formulations was examined over 24 hours using anin-vitro calf skin permeation model. Pour-on formulation A, made up of selenium dioxide and butyl dioxitol, had a statistically greater rate of absorption than formulations B (made up of sodium selenate, butyl dioxitol and water) or C (made up of selenium sesquistrato, butyl dioxitol and water) for the entire 24 hour period. The absorption rates of formulations B and C were not statistically different. The results obtained from the in-vitro experiment were then compared with those from an in-vivo experiment using the same pour-on formulations, each applied to 6 cattle. Comparison of the 2 data sets indicates that the in-vitro model was useful in ranking the formulations in terms of in-vivo permeability.
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Keywords
Pour-on formulations, Cattle parasite treatment, Cyanocobalamin