Weed Detection by Faster RCNN Model: An Enhanced Anchor Box Approach

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dc.citation.issue7
dc.citation.volume12
dc.contributor.authorSaleem MH
dc.contributor.authorPotgieter J
dc.contributor.authorArif KM
dc.date.available2022-06-29
dc.date.issued2022-06-29
dc.description(c) The Author/s
dc.description.abstractTo apply weed control treatments effectively, the weeds must be accurately detected. Deep learning (DL) has been quite successful in performing the weed identification task. However, various aspects of the DL have not been explored in previous studies. This research aimed to achieve a high average precision (AP) of eight classes of weeds and a negative (non-weed) class, using the DeepWeeds dataset. In this regard, a DL-based two-step methodology has been proposed. This article is the second stage of the research, while the first stage has already been published. The former phase presented a weed detection pipeline and consisted of the evaluation of various neural networks, image resizers, and weight optimization techniques. Although a significant improvement in the mean average precision (mAP) was attained. However, the Chinee apple weed did not reach a high average precision. This result provided a solid ground for the next stage of the study. Hence, this paper presents an in-depth analysis of the Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Network (RCNN) with ResNet-101, the best-obtained model in the past step. The architectural details of the Faster RCNN model have been thoroughly studied to investigate each class of weeds. It was empirically found that the generation of anchor boxes affects the training and testing performance of the Faster RCNN model. An enhancement to the anchor box scales and aspect ratios has been attempted by various combinations. The final results, with the addition of 64 × 64 scale size, and aspect ratio of 1:3 and 3:1, produced the best classification and localization of all classes of weeds and a negative class. An enhancement of 24.95% AP was obtained in Chinee apple weed. Furthermore, the mAP was improved by 2.58%. The robustness of the approach has been shown by the stratified k-fold cross-validation technique and testing on an external dataset.
dc.description.confidentialfalse
dc.identifier1580
dc.identifier.citationAgronomy, 2022, 12 (7)
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/agronomy12071580
dc.identifier.elements-id454117
dc.identifier.harvestedMassey_Dark
dc.identifier.issn2073-4395
dc.publisherMDPI AG
dc.relation.isPartOfAgronomy
dc.rightsCC BY 4.0
dc.subjectdeep learning; convolutional neural network; weed detection; optimization algorithms; transfer learning
dc.subject.anzsrc0502 Environmental Science and Management
dc.subject.anzsrc0703 Crop and Pasture Production
dc.titleWeed Detection by Faster RCNN Model: An Enhanced Anchor Box Approach
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.notesNot known
pubs.organisational-group/Massey University
pubs.organisational-group/Massey University/College of Sciences
pubs.organisational-group/Massey University/College of Sciences/School of Agriculture & Environment
pubs.organisational-group/Massey University/College of Sciences/School of Agriculture & Environment/Agritech
pubs.organisational-group/Massey University/College of Sciences/School of Food and Advanced Technology
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