Capillary zone electrophoresis: Opportunities and challenges in miniaturization for environmental monitoring

Abstract

After a decade of research, development, and instrument commercialization, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has firmly established itself as a recognized analytical technique. CE is a separation method that segregates charged species based on their charge and size. In the field of environmental science, CE instruments have emerged as an ideal choice due to their simplicity, efficiency, affordability, and compact design. Furthermore, CE's equipment requirements are straightforward, making it well-suited for easy miniaturization. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the CE technology, with a focus on its miniaturization. It delves into portable CE and microchip-based CE, exploring their structural characteristics, advantages, and limitations. Additionally, it investigates a modular approach that consolidates all essential components onto a single board, offering a holistic perspective on the innovative possibilities within the realm of miniature capillary electrophoresis.