Conspecific cues mediate habitat selection and reproductive performance in a haplodiploid spider mite

Abstract

Selection of a suitable habitat by animals before settlement is critical for their survival and reproduction. In silk spinning arthropods like spider mites, denser webs offer protection from predation and serve as a dispersal mode. Settling in habitats with the presence of conspecifics and silk webs can benefit the habitat-searching females. Silk and conspecifics usually coexist, but their distinct effects on female colonization have received little attention. In this study, we used a haplodiploid spider mite, Tetranychus ludeni Zacher (Acari: Tetranychidae), to examine the impact of conspecific cues, including cues from ovipositing conspecifics and silk, on habitat selection and subsequent reproductive performance of females. Results show that females significantly preferred habitats with cues from neighbouring conspecifics and silk, and neighbouring conspecifics induced additive effect to that of silk on habitat selection. Conspecific cues did not boost female reproduction but facilitated females laying larger eggs that were more likely to be fertilised and to develop to daughters. When given a choice between silk-covered and clean habitats, females preferred silk-covered habitat, laid a similar number of eggs with similar size, but produced more daughters, suggesting that T. ludeni females can adjust the size threshold for fertilization in response to the current social environment. Knowledge of this study improves our understanding of spider mite habitat selection and post-settlement reproductive performance behaviours.