Acute Effects of Substitution, and Addition, of Carbohydrates and Fat to Protein on Gastric Emptying, Blood Glucose, Gut Hormones, Appetite, and Energy Intake

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dc.citation.issue10
dc.citation.volume10
dc.contributor.authorGiezenaar C
dc.contributor.authorLange K
dc.contributor.authorHausken T
dc.contributor.authorJones KL
dc.contributor.authorHorowitz M
dc.contributor.authorChapman I
dc.contributor.authorSoenen S
dc.date.available2018-10
dc.date.available2018-09-26
dc.date.issued7/10/2018
dc.description.abstractWhey protein, when ingested on its own, load-dependently slows gastric emptying and stimulates gut hormone concentrations in healthy young men. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of substitution, and addition, of carbohydrate (dextrose) and fat (olive oil) to whey protein. In randomized, double-blind order, 13 healthy young men (age: 23 ± 1 years, body mass index: 24 ± 1 kg/m²) ingested a control drink (450 mL; ~2 kcal/'control') or iso-volumetric drinks containing protein/carbohydrate/fat: (i) 14 g/28 g/12.4 g (280 kcal/'M280'), (ii) 70 g/28 g/12.4 g (504kcal/'M504'), and (iii) 70 g/0 g/0 g (280 kcal/'P280'), on 4 separate study days. Gastric emptying (n = 11, 3D-ultrasonography), blood glucose, plasma insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations (0⁻180 min), appetite (visual analogue scales), and ad-libitum buffet-meal energy intake (180⁻210 min) were determined. Substitution of protein with carbohydrate and fat was associated with faster gastric emptying (lower 50% emptying time (T50)), reduced suppression of ghrelin, and stimulation of GLP-1 (all P < 0.001); while the addition of carbohydrate and fat to protein did not affect gastric emptying or gut hormone responses significantly. Total energy intake (i.e., drink plus meal) was greater after all caloric drinks than control (P < 0.001). In conclusion, substitution of whey protein with dextrose and olive oil accelerated gastric emptying. Higher protein content of a mixed macronutrient drink increased gut hormone and insulin responses.
dc.description.publication-statusPublished
dc.identifierhttp://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=WOS:000448821300117&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=c5bb3b2499afac691c2e3c1a83ef6fef
dc.identifierARTN 1451
dc.identifier.citationNUTRIENTS, 2018, 10 (10)
dc.identifier.doi10.3390/nu10101451
dc.identifier.elements-id445495
dc.identifier.harvestedMassey_Dark
dc.identifier.issn2072-6643
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10179/17474
dc.publisherMDPI (Basel, Switzerland)
dc.relation.isPartOfNUTRIENTS
dc.subjectwhey protein
dc.subjectgastric emptying
dc.subjectgut hormones
dc.subjectblood glucose
dc.subjectappetite
dc.subject.anzsrc0908 Food Sciences
dc.subject.anzsrc1111 Nutrition and Dietetics
dc.titleAcute Effects of Substitution, and Addition, of Carbohydrates and Fat to Protein on Gastric Emptying, Blood Glucose, Gut Hormones, Appetite, and Energy Intake
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.notesNot known
pubs.organisational-group/Massey University
pubs.organisational-group/Massey University/College of Sciences
pubs.organisational-group/Massey University/College of Sciences/School of Food and Advanced Technology
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