A Multidimensional Perspective on Resilience in Later Life: A Systematic Literature Review of Protective Factors and Adaptive Processes in Ageing

Abstract

Background: With the global population rapidly aging, resilience has emerged as a critical determinant of healthy aging. While many factors are associated with resilience, a comprehensive synthesis is needed to inform targeted interventions and policy.

Objectives: This systematic review aimed to identify and synthesize the conceptual models and key protective factors associated with resilience in older people.

Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted in Web of Science, PubMed, PsycNet, and JSTOR for studies published between 2017 and 2025. Search terms included (including synonyms and closely related words) “resilience,” “older people,” and “models.” Studies were screened based on relevance to resilience models, measurement tools, and associated factors. Included studies underwent a formal risk of bias assessment.

Results: From 7109 initial records, 54 studies met the inclusion criteria. Ten studies explored conceptual models, while 44 investigated contributing factors. Resilience was predominantly assessed using standardized psychometric tools. Findings were synthesized by mapping key determinants across Macro-Environmental, Meso-Social, Micro-Individual and Bio-Physiological domains.

Conclusions: Resilience in later life is a dynamic and multifactorial process, not a fixed trait. The evidence suggests a range of modifiable factors at various levels that can be targeted to support wellbeing. An integrated, systems-based perspective is essential for guiding future research and developing effective interventions to promote resilience across the aging trajectory.