Shadow economy and energy efficiency: utilising goal programming for sustainability assessment

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dc.citation.volumeLatest Articles
dc.contributor.authorAlharbi SS
dc.contributor.authorBoubaker S
dc.contributor.authorNgo T
dc.contributor.authorYuen MK
dc.date.accessioned2025-08-22T01:56:13Z
dc.date.available2025-08-22T01:56:13Z
dc.date.issued2025-08-07
dc.description.abstractThis paper combined different methods of operations research, goal programming, and unsupervised machine learning into a single framework to examine energy efficiency across the globe. Using the latest data from 131 countries in 2017, our empirical findings reveal different patterns of energy efficiency among countries and country groups under both the meta-frontier and group-frontiers. We found an inequality in production technology for many countries, which made it difficult for them to improve their energy efficiency. Importantly, our analysis also reveals that the size of the shadow economy has a small but negative impact on energy efficiency. Consequently, we suggest that governments should (i) pay more attention to the shadow economy, (ii) increase investments in education and human capital, and (iii) strengthen their institutions.
dc.description.confidentialfalse
dc.identifier.author-urlhttps://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/expertise/profile.cfm?stref=327630
dc.identifier.citationAlharbi SS, Boubaker S, Ngo T, Yuen MK. (2025). Shadow economy and energy efficiency: utilising goal programming for sustainability assessment. Annals of Operations Research. Latest Articles.
dc.identifier.doi10.1007/s10479-025-06768-5
dc.identifier.eissn1572-9338
dc.identifier.elements-typejournal-article
dc.identifier.issn0254-5330
dc.identifier.urihttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/73406
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherSpringer Science+Business Media, LLC
dc.publisher.urihttps://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-025-06768-5
dc.relation.isPartOfAnnals of Operations Research
dc.rights(c) 2025 The Author/s
dc.rightsCC BY 4.0
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.subjectMeta-frontier
dc.subjectData envelopment analysis (DEA)
dc.subjectGoal programming (GP)
dc.subjectEuclidean common set of weights (ECSW)
dc.subjectSustainability
dc.subjectMachine learning (ML)
dc.titleShadow economy and energy efficiency: utilising goal programming for sustainability assessment
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.elements-id502694
pubs.organisational-groupOther
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