Promoting safety culture in vertical construction : an empirical framework tailored to New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School Built Environment, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand

Abstract

While the construction industry contributes to the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment, it faces persistent challenges in workplace safety, where injury rates have shown a general upward trend, particularly in New Zealand pronounced in vertical construction projects. Safety Culture (SC) is recognised for its relevant role in injury prevention, risk mitigation, and hazard identification, contributing to fewer accidents, and better safety performance. This thesis addresses the urgent need to promote SC in construction projects by developing a practical framework tailored to New Zealand, yet adaptable for global application. The framework is designed to support safety practitioners in implementing safety interventions and facilitating informed decision-making. This research followed a structured design comprising four distinct phases: Identify, Categorise, Visualise, and Operationalise employing a mixed-methods methodology. The initial phase employed a Modified Delphi study to achieve consensus among a panel of 32 experts regarding the factors that define SC, and factors and tools influencing its promotion, complemented by a comprehensive literature review to provide additional depth. The second phase categorised tools and influential factors identified in Phase 1 using a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD), thematic analysis, syllogistic reasoning, representing relationships and dynamic interactions. Phase 3 involved the development of a prototype framework through a flow-based diagram, accompanied by an informational report integrating Quick Response (QR) codes and video materials for enhanced usability. In Phase 4, the framework was operationalised its usability through case studies focused on vertical construction projects in New Zealand. Methodological triangulation was employed by integrating qualitative and quantitative data, from site visits inductions, interviews and the survey System Usability Scale (SUS). This integration allows cross-case analysis and enables analytic generalisation and demonstrates its potential usability for widespread adoption by safety practitioners. This research advances the theoretical development of frameworks by introducing a structured and replicable methodological approach through its four distinct phases, making it applicable across various domains. On a practical level, it delivers a practical framework, to promote SC in vertical construction projects tailored to New Zealand, presented as an informational report, serving as a decision-making guide for safety practitioners, providing actionable tools meeting specific project challenges, ultimately enhancing workplace safety, reducing inequalities, and contributing to sustainable economic growth. While the framework demonstrates potential, limitations include geographic specificity, sectoral focus on vertical construction, and lack of longitudinal validation. Future research should expand the framework’s application across diverse contexts and construction types to ensure broader relevance and adaptability.