A roadmap for the future of crowd safety research and practice: Introducing the Swiss Cheese Model of Crowd Safety and the imperative of a Vision Zero target

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dc.citation.volume168
dc.contributor.authorHaghani M
dc.contributor.authorCoughlan M
dc.contributor.authorCrabb B
dc.contributor.authorDierickx A
dc.contributor.authorFeliciani C
dc.contributor.authorvan Gelder R
dc.contributor.authorGeoerg P
dc.contributor.authorHocaoglu N
dc.contributor.authorLaws S
dc.contributor.authorLovreglio R
dc.contributor.authorMiles Z
dc.contributor.authorNicolas A
dc.contributor.authorO'Toole WJ
dc.contributor.authorSchaap S
dc.contributor.authorSemmens T
dc.contributor.authorShahhoseini Z
dc.contributor.authorSpaaij R
dc.contributor.authorTatrai A
dc.contributor.authorWebster J
dc.contributor.authorWilson A
dc.date.accessioned2024-09-09T02:29:07Z
dc.date.available2024-09-09T02:29:07Z
dc.date.issued2023-08-29
dc.description.abstractCrowds can be subject to intrinsic and extrinsic sources of risk, and previous records have shown that, in the absence of adequate safety measures, these sources of risk can jeopardise human lives. To mitigate these risks, we propose that implementation of multiple layers of safety measures for crowds—what we label The Swiss Cheese Model of Crowd Safety—should become the norm for crowd safety practice. Such system incorporates a multitude of safety protection layers including regulations and policymaking, planning and risk assessment, operational control, community preparedness, and incident response. The underlying premise of such model is that when one (or multiple) layer(s) of safety protection fail(s), the other layer(s) can still prevent an accident. In practice, such model requires a more effective implementation of technology, which can enable provision of real-time data, improved communication and coordination, and efficient incident response. Moreover, implementation of this model necessitates more attention to the overlooked role of public education, awareness raising, and promoting crowd safety culture at broad community levels, as one of last lines of defence against catastrophic outcomes for crowds. Widespread safety culture and awareness has the potential to empower individuals with the knowledge and skills that can prevent such outcomes or mitigate their impacts, when all other (exogenous) layers of protection (such as planning and operational control) fail. This requires safety campaigns and development of widespread educational programs. We conclude that, there is no panacea solution to the crowd safety problem, but a holistic multi-layered safety system that utilises active participation of all potential stakeholders can significantly reduce the likelihood of disastrous accidents. At a global level, we need to target a Vision Zero of Crowd Safety, i.e., set a global initiative of bringing deaths and severe injuries in crowded spaces to zero by a set year.
dc.description.confidentialfalse
dc.edition.editionDecember 2023
dc.identifier.citationHaghani M, Coughlan M, Crabb B, Dierickx A, Feliciani C, van Gelder R, Geoerg P, Hocaoglu N, Laws S, Lovreglio R, Miles Z, Nicolas A, O'Toole WJ, Schaap S, Semmens T, Shahhoseini Z, Spaaij R, Tatrai A, Webster J, Wilson A. (2023). A roadmap for the future of crowd safety research and practice: Introducing the Swiss Cheese Model of Crowd Safety and the imperative of a Vision Zero target. Safety Science. 168.
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.ssci.2023.106292
dc.identifier.eissn1879-1042
dc.identifier.elements-typejournal-article
dc.identifier.issn0925-7535
dc.identifier.number106292
dc.identifier.piiS0925753523002345
dc.identifier.urihttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/71434
dc.languageEnglish
dc.publisherElsevier B.V.
dc.publisher.urihttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925753523002345
dc.relation.isPartOfSafety Science
dc.rights(c) 2023 The Author/s
dc.rightsCC BY-NC 4.0
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
dc.subjectCrowd safety
dc.subjectCrowd dynamics
dc.subjectCrowd management
dc.subjectRisk reduction
dc.subjectSafety culture
dc.titleA roadmap for the future of crowd safety research and practice: Introducing the Swiss Cheese Model of Crowd Safety and the imperative of a Vision Zero target
dc.typeJournal article
pubs.elements-id480229
pubs.organisational-groupCollege of Health
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