CirDEF: Standardised information framework to address the information needs of circularity indicators

Abstract

Circularity indicators are widely used to assess progress toward sustainability through circular economic practices. However, the diverse data requirements for these indicators often result in inconsistencies, overlaps and misinterpretations when evaluating circularity. This study addresses the absence of a unified, standardised approach to defining and applying circularity indicators, by developing a framework, named “CirDEF”. This standardised and holistic information framework supports the varied information needs of circularity indicators across system scales, indicator types, and stakeholder contexts. A systematic literature review was conducted, analysing 75 resources to identify existing circularity indicators. The resulting standardised information framework structured around input, process, and output model incorporated with key attributes such as business, time, dimensional, impact, and performance. This allows for the creation of a holistic platform that can redefine existing circularity indicators and improve decision-making. The framework was validated through expert interviews using face, content, and construct validation methods, to ensure theoretical and practical relevance. CirDEF enables dynamic, context-specific circularity assessments by allowing users to apply any relevant circularity indicators instead of relying on fixed indicators. This adaptability supports real-time decision-making, traceability, and proactive implementation of the circular economy. By resolving ambiguities, overlaps, and the static measurement limitations, CirDEF serves as a comprehensive system that facilitates data-driven decisions and aligns with SDGs. This is the first study of its kind to provide a thorough resource for academics, industry practitioners, and policymakers, enabling a holistic evaluation of circularity indicators through a standardised information framework across various processes and life cycles on a global scale.