Conspiracy theories in modern society : an exploration of psychological and sociological factors : a research project in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Psychology) at Massey University, New Zealand

Abstract

Conspiracy theories have the power to shape popular attitudes, beliefs, and actions, which makes their academic study crucial (Sunstein & Vermeule, 2009). Conspiracy theories can cultivate extremist viewpoints, undermine official narratives (e.g., public health campaigns and government initiatives), and weaken trust in democratic processes, leading to other detrimental socio-political repercussions. The aim of this research was to explore the psychological and sociological factors of conspiracy theories in modern society. With an Australasian focus, the research consisted of two studies. Study 1 surveyed (N = 100) participants using self-report scales, including the Beliefs in Conspiracy Theories (BCT), an adapted Australasian Conspiracy Belief (ACB) scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Data analysis from Study 1 found a significant positive correlation between the BCT and the ACB (r = .804, p<.001) and a weak, non-significant positive correlation with the ACB and RSES (r = .014, p = .893). However, no significant correlation was found between the BCT and the RSES (r = -.057, p = .572). Results between the BCT and ACB supported a monological belief system, where belief in one conspiracy theory increases the likelihood of believing in others. Study 2 involved semi-structured one-to-one interviews with (N = 7) participants identified from Study 1. Data analysis from Study 2 found that participants had a range of conspiracy beliefs, with the most common being the existence of aliens. Thematic analysis highlighted key psychological and sociological influences and motivations behind their beliefs, including personal experiences and selective information processing, with mainstream and social media playing an important role. Participants demonstrated critical evaluation of information as well as scepticism toward conventional sources, particularly mainstream media and government narratives. Participants described facing opposition from others regarding their beliefs and used various strategies, such as selective engagement to maintain a sense of empowerment and control. In sum, this research contributes to current research by integrating psychological and sociological perspectives of participants within an Australasian context to gain further understanding of conspiracy beliefs.