Browsing by Author "Kruger R"

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    Blood donation, being Asian, and a history of iron deficiency are stronger predictors of iron deficiency than dietary patterns in premenopausal women
    (Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2014) Beck KL; Conlon CA; Kruger R; Heath A-LM; Matthys C; Coad J; Jones B; Stonehouse W
    This study investigated dietary patterns and nondietary determinants of suboptimal iron status (serum ferritin < 20 μg/L) in 375 premenopausal women. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, determinants were blood donation in the past year [OR: 6.00 (95% CI: 2.81, 12.82); P < 0.001], being Asian [OR: 4.84 (95% CI: 2.29, 10.20); P < 0.001], previous iron deficiency [OR: 2.19 (95% CI: 1.16, 4.13); P = 0.016], a "milk and yoghurt" dietary pattern [one SD higher score, OR: 1.44 (95% CI: 1.08, 1.93); P = 0.012], and longer duration of menstruation [days, OR: 1.38 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.68); P = 0.002]. A one SD change in the factor score above the mean for a "meat and vegetable" dietary pattern reduced the odds of suboptimal iron status by 79.0% [OR: 0.21 (95% CI: 0.08, 0.50); P = 0.001] in women with children. Blood donation, Asian ethnicity, and previous iron deficiency were the strongest predictors, substantially increasing the odds of suboptimal iron status. Following a "milk and yoghurt" dietary pattern and a longer duration of menstruation moderately increased the odds of suboptimal iron status, while a "meat and vegetable" dietary pattern reduced the odds of suboptimal iron status in women with children.
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    Chronotype Differences in Body Composition, Dietary Intake and Eating Behavior Outcomes: A Scoping Systematic Review
    (Elsevier Inc, 2022-11) van der Merwe C; Münch M; Kruger R
    The timing and nutritional composition of food intake are important zeitgebers for the biological clocks in humans. Thus, eating at an inappropriate time (e.g., during the night) may have a desynchronizing effect on the biological clocks and, in the long term, may result in adverse health outcomes (e.g., weight gain, obesity, and poor metabolic function). Being a very late or early chronotype not only determines preferred sleep and wake times but may also influence subsequent mealtimes, which may affect the circadian timing system. In recent years, an increased number of studies have examined the relation between chronotype and health outcomes, with a main focus on absolute food intake and metabolic markers and, to a lesser extent, on dietary intake distribution and eating behavior. Therefore, this review aimed to systematically determine whether chronotype indirectly affects eating behaviors, dietary intake (timing, choice, nutrients), and biomarkers leading to body composition outcomes in healthy adults. A systematic literature search on electronic databases (PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, Cochrane library) was performed (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews number: CRD42020219754). Only studies that included healthy adults (aged >18 y), classified according to chronotype and body composition profiles, using outcomes of dietary intake, eating behavior, and/or biomarkers, were considered. Of 4404 articles, 24 met the inclusion criteria. The results revealed that late [evening type (ET)] compared with early [morning type (MT)] chronotypes were more likely to be overweight/obese with poorer metabolic health. Both MT and ET had similar energy and macronutrient intakes, consuming food during their preferred sleep–wake timing: later for ET than MT. Most of the energy and macronutrient intakes were distributed toward nighttime for ET and exacerbated by unhealthy eating behaviors and unfavorable dietary intakes. These findings from our systematic review give further insight why higher rates of overweight/obesity and unhealthier metabolic biomarkers are more likely to occur in ET.
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    Dietary Fibre Intake, Adiposity, and Metabolic Disease Risk in Pacific and New Zealand European Women
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2024-10-07) Renall N; Merz B; Douwes J; Corbin M; Slater J; Tannock GW; Firestone R; Kruger R; Te Morenga L; Brownlee IA; Feraco A; Armani A
    BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To assess associations between dietary fibre intake, adiposity, and odds of metabolic syndrome in Pacific and New Zealand European women. METHODS: Pacific (n = 126) and New Zealand European (NZ European; n = 161) women (18-45 years) were recruited based on normal (18-24.9 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2) BMIs. Body fat percentage (BF%), measured using whole body DXA, was subsequently used to stratify participants into low (<35%) or high (≥35%) BF% groups. Habitual dietary intake was calculated using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method, involving a five-day food record and semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Fasting blood was analysed for glucose and lipid profile. Metabolic syndrome was assessed with a harmonized definition. RESULTS: NZ European women in both the low- and high-BF% groups were older, less socioeconomically deprived, and consumed more dietary fibre (low-BF%: median 23.7 g/day [25-75-percentile, 20.1, 29.9]; high-BF%: 20.9 [19.4, 24.9]) than Pacific women (18.8 [15.6, 22.1]; and 17.8 [15.0, 20.8]; both p < 0.001). The main source of fibre was discretionary fast foods for Pacific women and whole grain breads and cereals for NZ European women. A regression analysis controlling for age, socioeconomic deprivation, ethnicity, energy intake, protein, fat, and total carbohydrate intake showed an inverse association between higher fibre intake and BF% (β= -0.47, 95% CI = -0.62, -0.31, p < 0.001), and odds of metabolic syndrome (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84, 0.98, p = 0.010) among both Pacific and NZ European women (results shown for both groups combined). CONCLUSIONS: Low dietary fibre intake was associated with increased metabolic disease risk. Pacific women had lower fibre intakes than NZ European women.
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    Enablers and barriers to prevent weight-regain post bariatric surgery - A qualitative enquiry
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2022-12) Billing-Bullen G; Nielsen D; Wham C; Kruger R
    Background Weight-regain is commonly experienced after bariatric surgery. This qualitative enquiry aimed to explore participants' self-reported enablers and barriers to prevent future weight-regain post-surgery. Methods Eligible adults were recruited at 12-months post-bariatric-surgery at Counties Manukau, Auckland. Participants were invited to attend data collection at their 18-month group nutrition-education session, and to participate in a focus group at 21-months post-surgery. Thematic analysis was used to evaluate patient experiences. Results Participants (n = 28) were mostly female (73.2 %), New Zealand European (41.5 %), and had gastric sleeve surgery (92.3 %). Five key themes emerged from the analysis: A Life Changing Health Journey - participants experienced a decrease in obesity-related comorbidities and a subsequent decrease in medications. Weight change and food intolerances impacted quality of life. Challenge of managing a New Healthy Lifestyle - financial stress, buying healthier foods and social events were new challenges, often centred on food. Changing Eating Behavior - all participants struggled managing eating behaviors. Mindset Changes - post-surgery most participants had a positive mindset, increased confidence, and feelings of happiness. However, many struggled with mindset around weight and food. A need for On-going Support - most felt under-supported and expressed a need for longer, specific follow-up care. Conclusion Post-surgery group education sessions provided participants with increased support from both health professionals and peers on the same journey, to overcome struggles such as binge eating or identifying new coping strategies. Findings provide important insights into the challenges patients with bariatric surgery face and key learnings to develop specific supports for future care practices.
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    Ethnic‐specific suggestions for physical activity based on existing recreational physical activity preferences of New Zealand women
    (John Wiley and Sons Inc for Public Health Association of Australia Inc, 6/10/2019) O'Brien W; Schultz SP; Firestone RT; George L; Kruger R
    Objectives: Recreational physical activities of New Zealand women were examined to develop ethnic-specific suggestions encouraging physical activity (PA) participation as a targeted approach to reduce obesity rates among different groups. Methods: Healthy Māori, Pacific and European women (n=331; 16-45 years of age) completed an online Recent Physical Activity Questionnaire to assess recreational PA and adherence to PA guidelines. Existing PA preferences were tailored to make ethnic-specific suggestions aimed at increasing PA participation. Results: Achievement of PA guidelines was: Māori 74%; Pacific 60%; European 70%. Highest participation across all women was for walking (Māori 72%, Pacific 60%, European 83%), followed by floor exercise (Māori 54%, Pacific 37%, European 56%). Gym-type activities (e.g. weights, aerobics) and jogging were also common across ethnic groups. Group/team activities (dance, netball, touch football) were among the top 10 activities for Māori and Pacific, but not European women. Conclusion: Obesity rates among specific ethnic groups of New Zealand women might be reduced by promoting activities that are: family/whānau-oriented (netball, touch), communitylinked (hula, dance) and outdoor-based. Implications for public health: Tailoring existing PA preferences to develop ethnic-specific sets of activity suggestions could be important avenues to increase PA participation, improving the PA habits and subsequent health of New Zealand women and their communities.
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    Evaluating a novel dietary diversity questionnaire to assess dietary diversity and adequacy of New Zealand women.
    (Elsevier Inc, 2021) Kruger R; Hepburn AJ; Beck KL; McNaughton S; Stonehouse W
    Objectives We sought to develop and evaluate the relative validity of a dietary diversity questionnaire (DDQ) that reflects food-group diversity, food variety, and micronutrient adequacy among New Zealand women. Methods A cross-sectional study included New Zealand women (Auckland based; ages 16–45 y, n = 101), completing a 7-d DDQ and 4-d weighed food record (reference method). The relative validity of the DDQ was evaluated by correlating nutritious and discretionary dietary diversity scores (DDSs; number of food groups) and food-variety scores (number of foods), calculated from both methods. The dietary mean adequacy ratio (MAR; micronutrient intakes relative to estimated average requirements) was calculated from the weighed food record and correlated to dietary diversity and food-variety scores from the DDQ to assess construct validity. Cross-tabulation was used to explore dietary diversity measures versus adequacy ratios. Significance was set at P < 0.05. Results The median (interquartile range) DDSs (maximum 25) from the DDQ—23 (21–23)—and the weighed food record—18 (17–19)—were significantly correlated (rs = 0.33, P < 0.001), as were the food-variety scores (maximum 237)—respectively, 75 (61–87) and 45 (37–52) (rs = 0.22, P < 0.03). A mean (± SD) MAR of 0.94 ± 0.04 suggested a near-adequate diet, but one-third of foods consumed were from discretionary sources. Nutritious DDS was significantly correlated with MAR for micronutrients (rs = 0.20, P ≤ 0.05). An inverse trend was observed between discretionary DDS and MAR. Conclusions The DDQ is a quick, low-burden tool for describing nutritious and discretionary dietary diversity reflecting micronutrient adequacy in high-income settings. It requires further validation across different time frames, population groups, and settings.
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    Green kiwifruit: effects on plasma lipids and APOE interactions
    (28/05/2012) Gammon CS; Kruger R; Minihane AM; Conlon CA; von Hurst PR; Stonehouse W
    Background Diet is a crucial element in the reduction of risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Furthermore, response to dietary change may be influenced by genotype. Kiwifruit are a good source of several dietary components shown to improve dyslipidaemia and lower CVD incidence such as soluble fibre and some vitamins and phytochemicals. Objective To investigate the effect of consuming two green kiwifruit daily in conjunction with a healthy diet on plasma lipids and examine response according to apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype in hypercholesterolaemic men. Design Eighty-five hypercholesterolaemic men (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) >3.0 mmol/L and triglycerides (TG) <3 mmol/L) completed an eight week randomised controlled cross-over study, after undergoing a four week healthy diet phase. The study consisted of two 4-week treatment sequences of 2 green kiwifruit/day plus healthy diet (intervention) or healthy diet alone (control). Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline, 4 and 8 weeks for the measurement of plasma lipids (total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)), serum apolipoproteins A1 and B (apoA1 and apoB). Outcomes After the kiwifruit intervention plasma HDL-C concentrations were significantly higher (mean difference 0.04 [95% CI: 0.01, 0.07] mmol/L [P=0.004]) and the TC/HDL ratio was significantly lower (0.15 [-0.24, -0.05] mmol/L [P=0.002]), compared to control. In carriers of APOE4 allele TG concentrations were significantly lower (0.18 [-0.34, -0.02] mmol/L [P=0.03]) after the kiwifruit intervention compared to control. There were no significant differences between the two treatments for plasma TC, TG, LDL-C and serum apoA1 or apoB. Conclusion The small but significant increase in HDL-C and decrease in TC/HDL ratio and TG (in APOE4 carriers) suggests that the regular inclusion of green kiwifruit as part of a healthy diet may be beneficial in improving the lipid profiles of men with high cholesterol. Source of Funding: ZESPRI® International Trial No: ACTRN12610000213044
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    Is sweet taste perception associated with sweet food liking and intake?
    (MDPI, 11/07/2017) Jayasinghe S; Kruger R; Walsh DC; Cao G; Rivers S; Richter M; Breier BH
    A range of psychophysical taste measurements are used to characterize an individual’s sweet taste perception and to assess links between taste perception and dietary intake. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between four different psychophysical measurements of sweet taste perception, and to explore which measures of sweet taste perception relate to sweet food intake. Forty-four women aged 20–40 years were recruited for the study. Four measures of sweet taste perception (detection and recognition thresholds, and sweet taste intensity and hedonic liking of suprathreshold concentrations) were assessed using glucose as the tastant. Dietary measurements included a four-day weighed food record, a sweet food-food frequency questionnaire and a sweet beverage liking questionnaire. Glucose detection and recognition thresholds showed no correlation with suprathreshold taste measurements or any dietary intake measurement. Importantly, sweet taste intensity correlated negatively with total energy and carbohydrate (starch, total sugar, fructose, glucose) intakes, frequency of sweet food intake and sweet beverage liking. Furthermore, sweet hedonic liking correlated positively with total energy and carbohydrate (total sugar, fructose, glucose) intakes. The present study shows a clear link between sweet taste intensity and hedonic liking with sweet food liking, and total energy, carbohydrate and sugar intake.
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    Nutrient Dense, Low-Cost Foods Can Improve the Affordability and Quality of the New Zealand Diet-A Substitution Modeling Study
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-07-27) Starck CS; Blumfield M; Keighley T; Marshall S; Petocz P; Inan-Eroglu E; Abbott K; Cassettari T; Ali A; Wham C; Kruger R; Kira G; Fayet-Moore F
    The high prevalence of non-communicable disease in New Zealand (NZ) is driven in part by unhealthy diet selections, with food costs contributing to an increased risk for vulnerable population groups. This study aimed to: (i) identify the nutrient density-to-cost ratio of NZ foods; (ii) model the impact of substituting foods with a lower nutrient density-to-cost ratio with those with a higher nutrient density-to-cost ratio on diet quality and affordability in representative NZ population samples for low and medium socioeconomic status (SES) households by ethnicity; and (iii) evaluate food processing level. Foods were categorized, coded for processing level and discretionary status, analyzed for nutrient density and cost, and ranked by nutrient density-to-cost ratio. The top quartile of nutrient dense, low-cost foods were 56% unprocessed (vegetables, fruit, porridge, pasta, rice, nuts/seeds), 31% ultra-processed (vegetable dishes, fortified bread, breakfast cereals unfortified <15 g sugars/100 g and fortified 15–30 g sugars/100 g), 6% processed (fruit juice), and 6% culinary processed (oils). Using substitution modeling, diet quality improved by 59% and 71% for adults and children, respectively, and affordability increased by 20–24%, depending on ethnicity and SES. The NZ diet can be made healthier and more affordable when nutritious, low-cost foods are selected. Processing levels in the healthier, modeled diet suggest that some non-discretionary ultra-processed foods may provide a valuable source of low-cost nutrition for food insecure populations.
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    Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Associated With Body Composition and Metabolic Profiles of Pacific and New Zealand European Women With Different Metabolic Disease Risks.
    (Frontiers Media SA, 26/05/2021) Slater J; Kruger R; Douwes J; O'Brien WJ; Corbin M; Miles-Chan JL; Breier BH
    Objective: To assess associations between physical activity (PA), body composition, and biomarkers of metabolic health in Pacific and New Zealand European (NZE) women who are known to have different metabolic disease risks. Methods: Pacific (n = 142) or NZE (n = 162) women aged 18-45 years with a self-reported body mass index (BMI) of either 18.5-25.0 kg⋅m-2 or ≥30.0 kg⋅m-2 were recruited and subsequently stratified as either low (<35%) or high (≥35%) BF%, with approximately half of each group in either category. Seven-day accelerometery was used to assess PA levels. Fasting blood was analysed for biomarkers of metabolic health, and whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to estimate body composition. Results: Mean moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA; min⋅day-1) levels differed between BF% (p < 0.05) and ethnic (p < 0.05) groups: Pacific high- 19.1 (SD 15.2) and low-BF% 26.3 (SD 15.6) and NZE high- 30.5 (SD 19.1) and low-BF% 39.1 (SD 18.4). On average Pacific women in the low-BF% group engaged in significantly less total PA when compared to NZE women in the low-BF% group (133 cpm); no ethnic difference in mean total PA (cpm) between high-BF% groups were observed: Pacific high- 607 (SD 185) and low-BF% 598 (SD 168) and NZE high- 674 (SD 210) and low-BF% 731 (SD 179). Multiple linear regression analysis controlling for age and deprivation showed a significant inverse association between increasing total PA and fasting plasma insulin among Pacific women; every 100 cpm increase in total PA was associated with a 6% lower fasting plasma insulin; no significant association was observed in NZE women. For both Pacific and NZE women, there was an 8% reduction in fasting plasma insulin for every 10-min increase in MVPA (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Increases in total PA and MVPA are associated with lower fasting plasma insulin, thus indicating a reduction in metabolic disease risk. Importantly, compared to NZE, the impact of increased total PA on fasting insulin may be greater in Pacific women. Considering Pacific women are a high metabolic disease risk population, these pre-clinical responses to PA may be important in this population; indicating promotion of PA in Pacific women should remain a priority.
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    Outcomes of a culturally informed weight-loss competition for New Zealand Indigenous and Pacific peoples: a quasi-experimental trial
    (BioMed Central Ltd part of Springer Nature., 2021-09) Glover M; Kira A; McRobbie H; Kruger R; Funaki-Tahifote M; Stephen J; Breier BH; Kira G
    Background Reducing obesity prevalence among marginalised subgroups with disproportionately high obesity rates is challenging. Given the promise of incentives and group-based programmes we trialled a culturally tailored, team-based weight-loss competition with New Zealand Māori (Indigenous) and Pacific Island people. Methods A quasi-experimental 12-months trial was designed. The intervention consisted of three six-months competitions, each with seven teams of seven members. Eligible participants were aged 16 years and older, with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 and being at risk of or already diagnosed with type-2 diabetes or cardiovascular disease. Height, weight and waist circumference were measured at baseline, 6 and 12 months. Results Recruitment of a control group (n = 29) versus the intervention (n = 132) was poor and retention rates were low (52 and 27% of intervention participants were followed-up at six and 12 months, respectively). Thus, analysis of the primary outcome of individual percentage weight loss was restricted to the 6-months follow-up data. Although not significant, the intervention group appeared to lose more weight than the control group, in both the intention to treat and complete-case analyses. Conclusions The intervention promoted some behaviour change in eating behaviours, and a resulting trend toward a reduction in waist circumference. Trial registration ACTRN12617000871347 Registered 15/6/2017 Retrospectively registered.
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    Predictors and risks of body fat profiles in young New Zealand European, Māori and Pacific women: study protocol for the women’s EXPLORE study
    (SpringerOpen, 1/12/2015) Kruger R; Shultz SP; McNaughton SA; Russell AP; Firestone RT; George L; Beck KL; Conlon CA; von Hurst PR; Breier B; Jayasinghe SN; O Brien WJ; Jones B; Stonehouse W
    Background: Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) is used internationally to assess body mass or adiposity. However, BMI does not discriminate body fat content or distribution and may vary among ethnicities. Many women with normal BMI are considered healthy, but may have an unidentified “hidden fat” profile associated with higher metabolic disease risk. If only BMI is used to indicate healthy body size, it may fail to predict underlying risks of diseases of lifestyle among population subgroups with normal BMI and different adiposity levels or distributions. Higher body fat levels are often attributed to excessive dietary intake and/or inadequate physical activity. These environmental influences regulate genes and proteins that alter energy expenditure/storage. Micro ribonucleic acid (miRNAs) can influence these genes and proteins, are sensitive to diet and exercise and may influence the varied metabolic responses observed between individuals. The study aims are to investigate associations between different body fat profiles and metabolic disease risk; dietary and physical activity patterns as predictors of body fat profiles; and whether these risk factors are associated with the expression of microRNAs related to energy expenditure or fat storage in young New Zealand women. Given the rising prevalence of obesity globally, this research will address a unique gap of knowledge in obesity research. Methods/Design: A cross-sectional design to investigate 675 NZ European, Māori, and Pacific women aged 16–45 years. Women are classified into three main body fat profiles (n = 225 per ethnicity; n = 75 per body fat profile): 1) normal BMI, normal body fat percentage (BF%); 2) normal BMI, high BF%; 3) high BMI, high BF%. Regional body composition, biomarkers of metabolic disease risk (i.e. fasting insulin, glucose, HbA1c, lipids), inflammation (i.e. IL-6, TNF-alpha, hs-CRP), associations between lifestyle factors (i.e. dietary intake, physical activity, taste perceptions) and microRNA expression will be investigated. Discussion: This research targets post-menarcheal, premenopausal women, potentially exhibiting lifestyle behaviours resulting in excess body fat affecting metabolic health. These behaviours may be characterised by specific patterns of microRNA expression that will be explored in terms of tailored solutions specific to body fat profile groups and ethnicities. Trial registration: ACTRN12613000714785
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    Replacing Sedentary Time with Physically Active Behaviour Predicts Improved Body Composition and Metabolic Health Outcomes
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-07) O'Brien WJ; Rauff EL; Shultz SP; Sloughter M; Fink PW; Breier B; Kruger R
    Background: Discretionary leisure time for health-promoting physical activity (PA) is limited. This study aimed to predict body composition and metabolic health marker changes from PA reallocation using isotemporal substitution analysis. Methods: Healthy New Zealand women (n = 175; 16–45 y) with high BMI (≥25 kg/m2) and high body fat percentage (≥30%) were divided into three groups by ethnicity (Māori n = 37, Pacific n = 54, and New Zealand European n = 84). PA, fat mass, lean mass, and metabolic health were assessed. Isotemporal substitution paradigms reallocated 30 min/day of sedentary behaviour to varying PA intensities. Results: Reallocating sedentary behaviour with moderate intensity, PA predicted Māori women would have improved body fat% (14.83%), android fat% (10.74%), and insulin levels (55.27%) while the model predicted Pacific women would have improved waist-to-hip (6.40%) and android-to-gynoid (19.48%) ratios. Replacing sedentary time with moderate-vigorous PA predicted Māori women to have improved BMI (15.33%), waist circumference (9.98%), body fat% (16.16%), android fat% (12.54%), gynoid fat% (10.04%), insulin (55.58%), and leptin (43.86%) levels; for Pacific women, improvement of waist-to-hip-ratio (5.30%) was predicted. Conclusions: Sedentary behaviour must be substituted with PA of at least moderate intensity to reap benefits. Māori women received the greatest benefits when reallocating PA. PA recommendations to improve health should reflect the needs and current activity levels of specific populations.
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    The Effect of a 14-Day gymnema sylvestre Intervention to Reduce Sugar Cravings in Adults
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-12-12) Turner S; Diako C; Kruger R; Wong M; Wood W; Rutherfurd-Markwick K; Stice E; Ali A
    Gymnemic-acids (GA) block lingual sweet taste receptors, thereby reducing pleasantness and intake of sweet food. Objective: To examine whether a 14-day gymnema-based intervention can reduce sweet foods and discretionary sugar intake in free-living adults. Healthy adults (n = 58) were randomly allocated to either the intervention group (INT) or control group (CON). The intervention comprised of consuming 4 mg of Gymnema sylvestre containing 75% gymnema acids, a fibre and vitamin supplement, and an associated healthy-eating guide for 14 days; participants in the CON group followed the same protocol, replacing the GA with a placebo mint. Amount of chocolate bars eaten and sensory testing were conducted before and after the 14-day intervention (post-GA or placebo dosing on days zero and 15, respectively). Food frequency questionnaires were conducted on days zero, 15 and after a 28-day maintenance period to examine any changes in intake of sweet foods. A range of statistical procedures were used to analyse the data including Chi square, t-test and two-way analysis of variance. Post dosing, INT consumed fewer chocolates (2.65 ± 0.21 bars) at day zero than CON (3.15 ± 0.24 bars; p = 0.02); there were no differences between groups at day 15 (INT = 2.77 ± 0.22 bars; CON = 2.78 ± 0.22 bars; p = 0.81). At both visits, a small substantive effect (r < 0.3) was observed in the change in pleasantness and desire ratings, with INT showing a slight increase while CON showed a small decrease over the 14-day period. No differences were found in the intake of 9 food categories between groups at any timepoint. There were no differences in consumption of low sugar healthy foods between visits, or by group. The 14-day behavioural intervention reduced pleasantness and intake of chocolate in a laboratory setting. There was no habituation to the mint over the 14-day period. This study is the first to investigate the effect of longer-term gymnema acid consumption on sweet food consumption outside of a laboratory setting; further research is needed to assess how long the effect of the 14-day intervention persists.
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    The effect of gold kiwifruit consumed with an iron fortified breakfast cereal meal on iron status in women with low iron stores: A 16 week randomised controlled intervention study
    (Biomed Central, 2010) Beck K; Conlon C; Kruger R; Coad J; Stonehouse W
    Dietary treatment is often recommended as the first line of treatment for women with mild iron deficiency. Although it is well established that ascorbic acid enhances iron absorption, it is less clear whether the consumption of ascorbic acid rich foods (such as kiwifruit) with meals fortified with iron improves iron status. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the consumption of ZESPRI® GOLD kiwifruit (a fruit high in ascorbic acid and carotenoids) with an iron fortified breakfast cereal meal increases iron status in women with low iron stores.Methods/DesignEighty nine healthy women aged 18-44 years with low iron stores (serum ferritin (SF) <25 μg/L, haemoglobin (Hb) > 115 g/L) living in Auckland, New Zealand were randomised to receive an iron fortified breakfast cereal (16 mg iron per serve) and either two ZESPRI® GOLD kiwifruit or a banana (low ascorbic acid and carotenoid content) to eat at breakfast time every day for 16 weeks. Iron status (SF, Hb, C-reactive protein (CRP) and soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR)), ascorbic acid and carotenoid status were measured at baseline and after 16 weeks. Anthropometric measures, dietary intake, physical activity and blood loss were measured before and after the 16 week intervention.DiscussionThis randomised controlled intervention study will be the first study to investigate the effect of a dietary based intervention of an iron fortified breakfast cereal meal combined with an ascorbic acid and carotenoid rich fruit on improving iron status in women with low iron stores.
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    The fecal microbiotas of women of Pacific and New Zealand European ethnicities are characterized by distinctive enterotypes that reflect dietary intakes and fecal water content.
    (Taylor and Francis Groups, 2023-02-17) Renall N; Lawley B; Vatanen T; Merz B; Douwes J; Corbin M; Te Morenga L; Kruger R; Breier BH; Tannock GW
    Obesity is a complex, multifactorial condition that is an important risk factor for noncommunicable diseases including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. While prevention and management require a healthy and energy balanced diet and adequate physical activity, the taxonomic composition and functional attributes of the colonic microbiota may have a supplementary role in the development of obesity. The taxonomic composition and metabolic capacity of the fecal microbiota of 286 women, resident in Auckland New Zealand, was determined by metagenomic analysis. Associations with BMI (obese, nonobese), body fat composition, and ethnicity (Pacific, n = 125; NZ European women [NZE], n = 161) were assessed using regression analyses. The fecal microbiotas were characterized by the presence of three distinctive enterotypes, with enterotype 1 represented in both Pacific and NZE women (39 and 61%, respectively), enterotype 2 mainly in Pacific women (84 and 16%) and enterotype 3 mainly in NZE women (13 and 87%). Enterotype 1 was characterized mainly by the relative abundances of butyrate producing species, Eubacterium rectale and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, enterotype 2 by the relative abundances of lactic acid producing species, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus ruminis, and enterotype 3 by the relative abundances of Subdoligranulum sp., Akkermansia muciniphila, Ruminococcus bromii, and Methanobrevibacter smithii. Enterotypes were also associated with BMI, visceral fat %, and blood cholesterol. Habitual food group intake was estimated using a 5 day nonconsecutive estimated food record and a 30 day, 220 item semi-quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Higher intake of 'egg' and 'dairy' products was associated with enterotype 3, whereas 'non-starchy vegetables', 'nuts and seeds' and 'plant-based fats' were positively associated with enterotype 1. In contrast, these same food groups were inversely associated with enterotype 2. Fecal water content, as a proxy for stool consistency/colonic transit time, was associated with microbiota taxonomic composition and gene pools reflective of particular bacterial biochemical pathways. The fecal microbiotas of women of Pacific and New Zealand European ethnicities are characterized by distinctive enterotypes, most likely due to differential dietary intake and fecal consistency/colonic transit time. These parameters need to be considered in future analyses of human fecal microbiotas.