Journal Articles

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    Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cannabis cultivation and use in 18 countries.
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024-11-22) Werse B; Kamphausen G; Søgaard TF; Bear D; Audran M; Wilkins C; Potter G; Fortin D; Hakkarainen P; Faria R; Quintas J; Grigg J; Jauffret-Roustide M; Barratt MJ
    Background The COVID-19 pandemic and the accompanying measures to mitigate infection affected many areas of society, including the supply and use of cannabis. This paper explored how patterns of behaviour among people who cultivate cannabis were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions. Methods An anonymous web survey of people who cultivated cannabis was conducted from Aug 2020 to Sep 2021, spanning 18 countries and 11 languages (N = 11,479). Descriptive statistics and mean comparison tests were conducted. Results Most cannabis growers reported that their practices were relatively unaffected by the COVID-related restrictions. While 35.2 % reported difficulties buying cannabis from their usual dealer, <10 % stated that access to materials needed for growing was impaired during the pandemic. Over one-quarter (28.2 %) of respondents increased their cannabis use and 21.4 % also increased cannabis cultivation (more than twice as many as those who said they were growing less or not anymore) while COVID restrictions were in place. People who lost their job or were casually employed were more likely to increase use and cultivation. Overall, the pandemic had little impact on reasons for growing, however, difficulties obtaining cannabis were mentioned as the most prevalent COVID-19-related growing motive. A small number (16 %) reported starting their growing activity during the pandemic. Italian and Portuguese growers were more likely to report shortages in supply and increases in their growing activity. Conclusions This study is the first to document an increase in cannabis cultivation activity following COVID restrictions. Increased home cultivation was not only driven by higher use as a result of home isolation, but also by disruptions of wider illegal cannabis supply. Limitations of this study include the non-representativeness of the sample as well as differences in approaches and duration of restrictions in different countries.
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    Global patterns in small-scale cannabis growers' distribution practices: Exploring the grower-distributor nexus.
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024-06-03) Søgaard TF; Brummer JE; Wilkins C; Sznitman SR; Sevigny EL; Frank VA; Potter G; Hakkarainen P; Barratt MJ; Werse B; Grigg J; Fortin D; Bear D; Lenton S; Jauffret-Roustide M; Kirtadze I
    BACKGROUND: While the supply of cannabis is commonly assumed to be dominated by criminal gangs, a sizable share of the domestic cannabis supply is provided by small-scale growers. This article examines the nature and scope of small-scale growers' distribution practices, with a particular focus on cross-country differences and variations between different types of grower-distributors, i.e., "non-suppliers", "exclusive social suppliers", "sharers and sellers" and "exclusive sellers". METHODS: Based on a large convenience web survey sample of predominantly small-scale cannabis growers from 18 countries, this article draws on data from two subsamples. The first subsample includes past-year growers in all 18 countries who answered questions regarding their market participation (n = 8,812). The second subsample includes past-year growers in 13 countries, who answered additional questions about their supply practices (n = 2,296). RESULTS: The majority of the cannabis growers engaged in distribution of surplus products, making them in effect "grower-distributors". Importantly, many did so as a secondary consequence of growing, and social supply (e.g., sharing and gifting) is much more common than selling. While growers who both shared and sold ("sharers and sellers"), and especially those who only sold ("exclusive sellers"), grew a higher number of plants and were most likely to grow due to a wish to sell for profits, the majority of these are best described as small-scale sellers. That is, the profit motive for growing was often secondary to non-financial motives and most sold to a limited number of persons in their close social network. CONCLUSION: We discuss the implications of the findings on the structural process of import-substitution in low-end cannabis markets, including a growing normalization of cannabis supply.