Journal Articles

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    Reliability of the Enterprise Point-of-Care (EPOC) blood analyzer's calculated arterial oxygen-hemoglobin saturation in immobilized white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum)
    (Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2023-09-10) Mtetwa TK; Snelling EP; Donaldson AC; Buss PE; Meyer LCR
    Background Enterprise Point-of-Care (EPOC) blood analysis is used routinely in wildlife veterinary practice to monitor blood oxygenation, but the reliability of the EPOC calculated arterial oxygen-hemoglobin saturation (cSaO2) has never been validated in the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum), despite their susceptibility to hypoxemia during chemical immobilization. Objectives We aimed to evaluate the reliability of the EPOC cSaO2 by comparing it against arterial oxygen-hemoglobin saturation (SaO2) measured by a co-oximeter reference method in immobilized white rhinoceroses. Methods Male white rhinoceroses in two studies (both n = 8) were immobilized by darting with different etorphine-based drug combinations, followed by butorphanol or saline (administered intravenously). Animals in both studies received oxygen via intranasal insufflation after 60 min. Blood samples were drawn, at predetermined time points, from a catheter inserted into the auricular artery and analyzed using the EPOC and a co-oximeter. Bland–Altman (to estimate bias and precision) and area root mean squares (ARMS) plots were used to determine the reliability of the EPOC cSaO2 compared with simultaneous co-oximeter SaO2 readings. Results The rhinoceros were acidotic (pH of 7.3 ± 0.1 [mean ± standard deviation]), hypercapnic (PaCO2 of 73.7 ± 10.5 mmHg), and normothermic (body temperature of 37.4 ± 1.8°C). In total, 389 paired cSaO2-SaO2 measurements were recorded (the cSaO2 ranged between 13.2% and 99.0%, and the SaO2 ranged between 11.8% and 99.9%). The EPOC cSaO2 readings were unreliable (inaccurate, imprecise, and poor ARMS) across the entire saturation range (bias −6%, precision 5%, and ARMS 8%). Conclusions The EPOC cSaO2 is unreliable and should not be used to monitor blood oxygenation in immobilized white rhinoceroses.
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    Two Point-of-Care Cardiac Troponin I Immunoassays Have Acceptable Analytical Performance for the Detection of Measurands of Cardiac Troponin I Cardiac Muscle Homogenates From Southern-Central Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis minor) and Southern White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)
    (Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2025-06-04) Rautenbach Y; Meyer LCR; Goddard A; Buss PE; Hooijberg EH
    Background Skeletal and possible cardiac muscle damage has been reported in chemically immobilized and transported African rhinoceros during conservation-related activities. The extent of cardiac muscle injury in these rhinoceros is unknown due to a lack of validated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assays. However, recently, five human cTnI assays were deemed suitable for analytical validation in African rhinoceros based on cTnI sequencing results. Objectives The first objective was to validate two cTnI immunoassay point-of-care analyzers (POCAs) in African rhinoceros and, secondly, to perform quality control (QC) validation for the POCAs. Methods Analytical validation of the Stratus CS Acute Care Troponin I cTnI immunoassay and Atellica VTLi high sensitivity cTnI (hs-cTnI) assay was performed using rhinoceros serum samples and species-specific cardiac muscle homogenate. Experiments included precision studies, reportable range, hemoglobin interference studies, recovery studies, and detection limit studies, with results assessed against prescribed total allowable error (TEa) performance goals. Commercial quality control material (QCM) data were used to calculate bias and imprecision for QC validation. Results Imprecision was acceptable (1.9%–10.3%) and met low cTnI concentration performance goals. Reportable ranges were similar to the manufacturer's specifications. High hemoglobin concentrations in white rhinoceros resulted in a positive bias in the Stratus CS. A simple 13s QC rule using two levels of QCM and a TEa of 70% could be used in both analyzers, except at very low cTnI concentrations in the Atellica VTLi. Conclusions Both cTnI POCAs are suitable for use in African rhinoceros, and analytical performance goals for low cTnI concentrations in hs-cTnI assays were met.