Journal Articles
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/7915
Browse
2 results
Search Results
Item Source attribution of campylobacteriosis in Australia, 2017-2019.(John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2023-12-01) McLure A; Smith JJ; Firestone SM; Kirk MD; French N; Fearnley E; Wallace R; Valcanis M; Bulach D; Moffatt CRM; Selvey LA; Jennison A; Cribb DM; Glass KCampylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli infections are the leading cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in high-income countries. Campylobacter colonizes a variety of warm-blooded hosts that are reservoirs for human campylobacteriosis. The proportions of Australian cases attributable to different animal reservoirs are unknown but can be estimated by comparing the frequency of different sequence types in cases and reservoirs. Campylobacter isolates were obtained from notified human cases and raw meat and offal from the major livestock in Australia between 2017 and 2019. Isolates were typed using multi-locus sequence genotyping. We used Bayesian source attribution models including the asymmetric island model, the modified Hald model, and their generalizations. Some models included an "unsampled" source to estimate the proportion of cases attributable to wild, feral, or domestic animal reservoirs not sampled in our study. Model fits were compared using the Watanabe-Akaike information criterion. We included 612 food and 710 human case isolates. The best fitting models attributed >80% of Campylobacter cases to chickens, with a greater proportion of C. coli (>84%) than C. jejuni (>77%). The best fitting model that included an unsampled source attributed 14% (95% credible interval [CrI]: 0.3%-32%) to the unsampled source and only 2% to ruminants (95% CrI: 0.3%-12%) and 2% to pigs (95% CrI: 0.2%-11%) The best fitting model that did not include an unsampled source attributed 12% to ruminants (95% CrI: 1.3%-33%) and 6% to pigs (95% CrI: 1.1%-19%). Chickens were the leading source of human Campylobacter infections in Australia in 2017-2019 and should remain the focus of interventions to reduce burden.Item Validation of an Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay and Commercial Q Fever Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Use in Macropods(American Society for Microbiology, 2022-07) Tolpinrud A; Stenos J; Chaber A-L; Devlin JM; Herbert C; Pas A; Dunowska M; Stevenson MA; Firestone SM; Barrs, VRKangaroos are considered to be an important reservoir of Q fever in Australia, although there is limited knowledge on the true prevalence and distribution of coxiellosis in Australian macropod populations. Serological tests serve as useful surveillance tools, but formal test validation is needed to be able to estimate true seroprevalence rates, and few tests have been validated to screen wildlife species for Q fever. In this study, we modified and optimized a phase-specific indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the detection of IgG antibodies against Coxiella burnetii in macropod sera. The assay was validated against the commercially available ID Screen Q fever indirect multispecies enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (IDVet, Grabels, France) to estimate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of each assay, using Bayesian latent class analysis. A direct comparison of the two tests was performed by testing 303 serum samples from 10 macropod populations from the east coast of Australia and New Zealand. The analysis indicated that the IFA had relatively high diagnostic sensitivity (97.6% [95% credible interval [CrI], 88.0 to 99.9]) and diagnostic specificity (98.5% [95% CrI, 94.4 to 99.9]). In comparison, the ELISA had relatively poor diagnostic sensitivity (42.1% [95% CrI, 33.7 to 50.8]) and similar diagnostic specificity (99.2% [95% CrI, 96.4 to 100]) using the cutoff values recommended by the manufacturer. The estimated true seroprevalence of C. burnetii exposure in the macropod populations included in this study ranged from 0% in New Zealand and Victoria, Australia, up to 94.2% in one population from New South Wales, Australia.