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Synergistic Responses of Tibetan Sheep Rumen Microbiota, Metabolites, and the Host to the Plateau Environment.
(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-10-03) Sha Y; Guo X; He Y; Li W; Liu X; Zhao S; Hu J; Wang J; Li S; Zhao Z; Hao Z; Miccheli A; Docea AO; Fukui H
Plateau adaptation in animals involves genetic mechanisms as well as coevolutionary mechanisms of the microbiota and metabolome of the animal. Therefore, the characteristics of the rumen microbiome and metabolome, transcriptome, and serum metabolome of Tibetan sheep at different altitudes (4500 m, 3500 m, and 2500 m) were analyzed. The results showed that the rumen differential metabolites at 3500 m and 4500 m were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism, and there was a significant correlation with microbiota. The differentially expressed genes and metabolites at middle and high altitudes were coenriched in asthma, arachidonic acid metabolism, and butanoate and propanoate metabolism. In addition, the serum differential metabolites at 3500 m and 4500 m were mainly enriched in amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, and metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and they were also related to microbiota. Further analysis revealed that rumen metabolites accounted for 7.65% of serum metabolites. These common metabolites were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways and were significantly correlated with host genes (p < 0.05). This study found that microbiota, metabolites, and epithelial genes were coenriched in pathways related to lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and immune metabolism, which may be involved in the regulation of Tibetan sheep adaptation to plateau environmental changes.
The Application of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data in the Food Industry
(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-12-18) Ding H; Tian J; Yu W; Wilson DI; Young BR; Cui X; Xin X; Wang Z; Li W; Yılmaz MT
Over the past few decades, the food industry has undergone revolutionary changes due to the impacts of globalization, technological advancements, and ever-evolving consumer demands. Artificial intelligence (AI) and big data have become pivotal in strengthening food safety, production, and marketing. With the continuous evolution of AI technology and big data analytics, the food industry is poised to embrace further changes and developmental opportunities. An increasing number of food enterprises will leverage AI and big data to enhance product quality, meet consumer needs, and propel the industry toward a more intelligent and sustainable future. This review delves into the applications of AI and big data in the food sector, examining their impacts on production, quality, safety, risk management, and consumer insights. Furthermore, the advent of Industry 4.0 applied to the food industry has brought to the fore technologies such as smart agriculture, robotic farming, drones, 3D printing, and digital twins; the food industry also faces challenges in smart production and sustainable development going forward. This review articulates the current state of AI and big data applications in the food industry, analyses the challenges encountered, and discusses viable solutions. Lastly, it outlines the future development trends in the food industry.
Rumen Epithelial Development- and Metabolism-Related Genes Regulate Their Micromorphology and VFAs Mediating Plateau Adaptability at Different Ages in Tibetan Sheep.
(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-12-16) Sha Y; He Y; Liu X; Zhao S; Hu J; Wang J; Li S; Li W; Shi B; Hao Z; Martinez-Pastor F
The rumen is an important hallmark organ of ruminants and plays an important role in the metabolism and immune barrier of Tibetan sheep on the Plateau. However, there are few studies on rumen development and metabolism regulation in Tibetan sheep at different ages. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the immune function, fermentation function, rumen epithelial micromorphology and transcriptome profile of Tibetan sheep at different ages. The results showed that the concentration of IgG decreased and the concentration of IgM increased with age (p < 0.05), and the highest concentration of IgA was observed at 1.5 and 3.5 years of age. In terms of rumen fermentation characteristics, VFAs of 4-month-old lambs were the highest, followed by VFAs and NH3-N of Tibetan sheep at 3.5 years of age. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy section examination of rumen epithelial tissue showed that the rumen papilla width increased with age (p < 0.001), the thickness of the stratum corneum decreased, the cells in the stratum corneum showed accelerated migration and the thickness of the rumen muscle layer increased (p < 0.001). Desmosomal junctions between the layers of rumen epithelium increased at 1.5 and 3.5 years old, forming a compact barrier structure, and the basal layer had more mitochondria involved in the regulation of energy metabolism. RNA-seq analysis revealed that a total of 1006 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at four ages. The DEGs of Tibetan sheep aged 4 months and 6 years were mainly enriched in the oxidation−reduction process and ISG15-protein conjugation pathway. The 1.5 and 3.5-year-olds were mainly enriched in skeletal muscle thin filament assembly, mesenchyme migration and the tight junction pathway. WGCNA showed that DEGs related to rumen microbiota metabolite VFAs and epithelial morphology were enriched in “Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, PPAR signaling pathway, Butanoate metabolism pathways” and participated in the regulation of rumen epithelial immune and fermentation metabolism functions of Tibetan sheep at different ages. This study systematically revealed the regulatory mechanism of rumen epithelial development and metabolism in the plateau adaptation of Tibetan sheep, providing a new approach for the study of plateau adaptation.
Response of Ruminal Microbiota-Host Gene Interaction to High-Altitude Environments in Tibetan Sheep.
(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-10-17) Sha Y; Ren Y; Zhao S; He Y; Guo X; Pu X; Li W; Liu X; Wang J; Li S; Wahli W
Altitude is the main external environmental pressure affecting the production performance of Tibetan sheep, and the adaptive evolution of many years has formed a certain response mechanism. However, there are few reports on the response of ruminal microbiota and host genomes of Tibetan sheep to high-altitude environments. Here, we conducted an integrated analysis of volatile fatty acids (VFAs), microbial diversity (16S rRNA), epithelial morphology, and epithelial transcriptome in the rumen of Tibetan sheep at different altitudes to understand the changes in ruminal microbiota−host interaction in response to high altitude. The differences in the nutritional quality of forage at different altitudes, especially the differences in fiber content (ADF/NDF), led to changes in rumen VFAs of Tibetan sheep, in which the A/P value (acetic acid/propionic acid) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In addition, the concentrations of IgA and IgG in Middle-altitude (MA) and High-altitude Tibetan sheep (HA) were significantly increased (p < 0.05), while the concentrations of IgM were significantly increased in MA (p < 0.05). Morphological results showed that the width of the rumen papilla and the thickness of the basal layer increased significantly in HA Tibetan sheep (p < 0.05). The 16S rRNA analysis found that the rumen microbial diversity of Tibetan sheep gradually decreased with increasing altitude, and there were some differences in phylum- and genus-level microbes at the three altitudes. RDA analysis found that the abundance of the Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and the Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 group increased with altitudes. Furthermore, a functional analysis of the KEGG microbial database found the “lipid metabolism” function of HA Tibetan sheep to be significantly enriched. WGCNA revealed that five gene modules were enriched in “energy production and conversion”, “lipid transport and metabolism”, and “defense mechanisms”, and cooperated with microbiota to regulate rumen fermentation and epithelial immune barrier function, so as to improve the metabolism and immune level of Tibetan sheep at high altitude.
Multi-omics revealed rumen microbiota metabolism and host immune regulation in Tibetan sheep of different ages
(Frontiers Media S.A., 2024-02-13) Sha Y; Liu X; He Y; Zhao S; Hu J; Wang J; Li W; Shao P; Wang F; Chen X; Yang W; Xie Z; Chen Z
The rumen microbiota and metabolites play an important role in energy metabolism and immune regulation of the host. However, the regulatory mechanism of rumen microbiota and metabolite interactions with host on Tibetan sheep's plateau adaptability is still unclear. We analyzed the ruminal microbiome and metabolome, host transcriptome and serum metabolome characteristics of Tibetan sheep at different ages. Biomarkers Butyrivibrio, Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group, Prevotella, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were found in 4 months, 1.5 years, 3.5 years, and 6 years Tibetan sheep, respectively. The rumen microbial metabolites were mainly enriched in galactose metabolism, unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and fatty acid degradation pathways, and had significant correlation with microbiota. These metabolites further interact with mRNA, and are co-enriched in arginine and proline metabolism, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, propanoate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, gap junction pathway. Meanwhile, serum metabolites also have a similar function, such as chemical carcinogenesis - reactive oxygen species, limonene and pinene degradation, and cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis, thus participating in the regulation of the body's immune and energy-related metabolic processes. This study systematically revealed that rumen microbiota, metabolites, mRNA and serum metabolites of Tibetan sheep were involved in the regulation of fermentation metabolic function and immune level of Tibetan sheep at different ages, which provided a new perspective for plateau adaptability research of Tibetan sheep at different ages.
Soil Microbial Community Composition and Diversity Are Insusceptible to Nitrogen Addition in a Semi-Arid Grassland in Northwestern China
(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-10-11) Tuo H; Li M; Ghanizadeh H; Huang J; Yang M; Wang Z; Wang Y; Tian H; Ye F; Li W; Monokrousos N
Human-caused nitrogen (N) deposition is a global environmental issue that can change community composition, functions, and ecosystem services. N deposition affects plants, soil, and microorganisms regionally and is linked to ecosystem, soil, and climate factors. We examined the effects of six N addition levels (0, 2.34 g, 4.67, 9.34,18.68, and 37.35 g N m−2 yr−1) on aboveground vegetation, surface soil properties, and microbial community. Alterations in microbial communities in response to N addition were monitored using 16S rRNA (16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid, where S donates a sedimentation coefficient) and ITS (internal transcribed spacer) regions for bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. N addition positively affected aboveground vegetation traits, such as biomass and community weighted mean of leaf nitrogen. N addition also limited phosphorus (P) availability and altered the microbial community assembly process from random processes to deterministic processes. The microbial community diversity and composition, however, were not sensitive to N addition. Partial least squares structural equation models showed that the composition of bacterial communities was mainly driven by the composition of plant communities and total nitrogen, while the composition of fungal communities was driven by soil pH and community weighted mean of leaf nitrogen. Taken together, the results of this research improved our understanding of the response of grassland ecosystems to N deposition and provided a theoretical basis for grassland utilization and management under N deposition.
Use of Antihypertensives, Blood Pressure, and Estimated Risk of Dementia in Late Life: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis.
(American Medical Association, 2023-09-12) Lennon MJ; Lam BCP; Lipnicki DM; Crawford JD; Peters R; Schutte AE; Brodaty H; Thalamuthu A; Rydberg-Sterner T; Najar J; Skoog I; Riedel-Heller SG; Röhr S; Pabst A; Lobo A; De-la-Cámara C; Lobo E; Bello T; Gureje O; Ojagbemi A; Lipton RB; Katz MJ; Derby CA; Kim KW; Han JW; Oh DJ; Rolandi E; Davin A; Rossi M; Scarmeas N; Yannakoulia M; Dardiotis T; Hendrie HC; Gao S; Carrière I; Ritchie K; Anstey KJ; Cherbuin N; Xiao S; Yue L; Li W; Guerchet MM; Preux P-M; Aboyans V; Haan MN; Aiello AE; Ng TP; Nyunt MSZ; Gao Q; Scazufca M; Sachdev PSS
IMPORTANCE: The utility of antihypertensives and ideal blood pressure (BP) for dementia prevention in late life remains unclear and highly contested. OBJECTIVES: To assess the associations of hypertension history, antihypertensive use, and baseline measured BP in late life (age >60 years) with dementia and the moderating factors of age, sex, and racial group. DATA SOURCE AND STUDY SELECTION: Longitudinal, population-based studies of aging participating in the Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium (COSMIC) group were included. Participants were individuals without dementia at baseline aged 60 to 110 years and were based in 15 different countries (US, Brazil, Australia, China, Korea, Singapore, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Nigeria, Germany, Spain, Italy, France, Sweden, and Greece). DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS: Participants were grouped in 3 categories based on previous diagnosis of hypertension and baseline antihypertensive use: healthy controls, treated hypertension, and untreated hypertension. Baseline systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were treated as continuous variables. Reporting followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses of Individual Participant Data reporting guidelines. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The key outcome was all-cause dementia. Mixed-effects Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the associations between the exposures and the key outcome variable. The association between dementia and baseline BP was modeled using nonlinear natural splines. The main analysis was a partially adjusted Cox proportional hazards model controlling for age, age squared, sex, education, racial group, and a random effect for study. Sensitivity analyses included a fully adjusted analysis, a restricted analysis of those individuals with more than 5 years of follow-up data, and models examining the moderating factors of age, sex, and racial group. RESULTS: The analysis included 17 studies with 34 519 community dwelling older adults (20 160 [58.4%] female) with a mean (SD) age of 72.5 (7.5) years and a mean (SD) follow-up of 4.3 (4.3) years. In the main, partially adjusted analysis including 14 studies, individuals with untreated hypertension had a 42% increased risk of dementia compared with healthy controls (hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; 95% CI 1.15-1.76; P = .001) and 26% increased risk compared with individuals with treated hypertension (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.03-1.53; P = .02). Individuals with treated hypertension had no significant increased dementia risk compared with healthy controls (HR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.99-1.28; P = .07). The association of antihypertensive use or hypertension status with dementia did not vary with baseline BP. There was no significant association of baseline SBP or DBP with dementia risk in any of the analyses. There were no significant interactions with age, sex, or racial group for any of the analyses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This individual patient data meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies found that antihypertensive use was associated with decreased dementia risk compared with individuals with untreated hypertension through all ages in late life. Individuals with treated hypertension had no increased risk of dementia compared with healthy controls.
Transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at square root of s = 7 TeV.
(AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 9/07/2010) Khachatryan V; Sirunyan AM; Tumasyan A; Adam W; Bergauer T; Dragicevic M; Erö J; Fabjan C; Friedl M; Frühwirth R; Ghete VM; Hammer J; Hänsel S; Hoch M; Hörmann N; Hrubec J; Jeitler M; Kasieczka G; Kiesenhofer W; Krammer M; Liko D; Mikulec I; Pernicka M; Rohringer H; Schöfbeck R; Strauss J; Taurok A; Teischinger F; Waltenberger W; Walzel G; Widl E; Wulz C-E; Mossolov V; Shumeiko N; Suarez Gonzalez J; Benucci L; Ceard L; De Wolf EA; Hashemi M; Janssen X; Maes T; Mucibello L; Ochesanu S; Roland B; Rougny R; Selvaggi M; Van Haevermaet H; Van Mechelen P; Van Remortel N; Adler V; Beauceron S; Blyweert S; D'Hondt J; Devroede O; Kalogeropoulos A; Maes J; Maes M; Tavernier S; Van Doninck W; Van Mulders P; Villella I; Chabert EC; Charaf O; Clerbaux B; De Lentdecker G; Dero V; Gay APR; Hammad GH; Marage PE; Vander Velde C; Vanlaer P; Wickens J; Costantini S; Grunewald M; Klein B; Marinov A; Ryckbosch D; Thyssen F; Tytgat M; Vanelderen L; Verwilligen P; Walsh S; Zaganidis N; 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Gershtein Y; Gray R; Halkiadakis E; Hidas D; Hits D; Lath A; Rose K; Schnetzer S; Somalwar S; Stone R; Thomas S; Cerizza G; Hollingsworth M; Spanier S; Yang ZC; York A; Asaadi J; Eusebi R; Gilmore J; Gurrola A; Kamon T; Khotilovich V; Montalvo R; Nguyen CN; Pivarski J; Safonov A; Sengupta S; Toback D; Weinberger M; Akchurin N; Bardak C; Damgov J; Jeong C; Kovitanggoon K; Lee SW; Mane P; Roh Y; Sill A; Volobouev I; Wigmans R; Yazgan E; Appelt E; Brownson E; Engh D; Florez C; Gabella W; Johns W; Kurt P; Maguire C; Melo A; Sheldon P; Velkovska J; Arenton MW; Balazs M; Buehler M; Conetti S; Cox B; Hirosky R; Ledovskoy A; Neu C; Yohay R; Gollapinni S; Gunthoti K; Harr R; Karchin PE; Mattson M; Milstène C; Sakharov A; Anderson M; Bachtis M; Bellinger JN; Carlsmith D; Dasu S; Dutta S; Efron J; Gray L; Grogg KS; Grothe M; Hall-Wilton R; Herndon M; Klabbers P; Klukas J; Lanaro A; Lazaridis C; Leonard J; Lomidze D; Loveless R; Mohapatra A; Polese G; Reeder D; Savin A; Smith WH; Swanson J; Weinberg M; CMS Collaboration
Charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions in proton-proton collisions at square root of s = 7 TeV are measured with the inner tracking system of the CMS detector at the LHC. The charged-hadron yield is obtained by counting the number of reconstructed hits, hit pairs, and fully reconstructed charged-particle tracks. The combination of the three methods gives a charged-particle multiplicity per unit of pseudorapidity dN(ch)/dη|(|η|<0.5) = 5.78 ± 0.01(stat) ± 0.23(syst) for non-single-diffractive events, higher than predicted by commonly used models. The relative increase in charged-particle multiplicity from square root of s = 0.9 to 7 TeV is [66.1 ± 1.0(stat) ± 4.2(syst)]%. The mean transverse momentum is measured to be 0.545 ± 0.005(stat) ± 0.015(syst) GeV/c. The results are compared with similar measurements at lower energies.

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