Journal Articles

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    Provision of lucerne in the diet or as a manipulable enrichment material enhances feed efficiency and welfare status for growing-finishing pigs
    (1/10/2022) Nguyen TT; Chidgey KL; Wester TJ; Morel PCH
    This research investigated the effects of including lucerne in a diet and as manipulable enrichment material on growing-finishing pig growth performance and behaviour. Forty-eight intact male Duroc × (Large White × Landrace) pigs with an initial live weight (LW) of 26.4 ± 2.32 kg (mean ± SD) were blocked by LW and randomly assigned to two dietary treatments (control vs lucerne), and two manipulable material treatments (without and with lucerne chaff for manipulable material). The barley and soybean meal-based control diet was formulated according to a commercial standard, while the lucerne diet replaced 100 g/kg of the barley and soybean oil in the control diet with lucerne chaff. The diets were formulated to have the same amount of digestible energy and apparent ileal digestible lysine. Manipulable material (lucerne chaff) was provided daily at 100 g/pig. Pigs had ad libitum access to diets via electronic feeders until they reached approximately 90 kg LW, at which time they were slaughtered. There were no interactions between dietary treatment and provision of manipulable material on pig production and behaviour. Feeding the lucerne diet reduced average daily feed intake, LW gain, feed intake per feeder visit, and feeding rate, but increased feed efficiency (P < 0.05). Access to manipulable material did not affect any growth traits, but the number of feeder visits per day was greater and the duration of visits to the feeder was lower in pigs that had access to lucerne chaff (P < 0.001). Compared to the other groups, pigs that consumed the lucerne diet or had access to manipulable material rested for a shorter duration but engaged in more social interactions and exploration behaviour. In conclusion, including 10% lucerne in growing-finishing diets improved feed efficiency and lucerne chaff appears to be an attractive enrichment source to pigs.
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    Post-natal development of EEG responses to noxious stimulation in pigs (Sus scrofa) aged 1-15 days
    (Ingenta on behalf of the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), 1/08/2019) Kells NJ; Beausoleil NJ; Sutherland MA; Johnson CB
    This study examined electroencephalographic (EEG) indices of acute nociception in pigs (Sus scrofa) aged 1, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 15 days, post-natal. Ten pigs per age were anaesthetised with halothane in oxygen and maintained at a light plane of anaesthesia. EEG was recorded bilaterally using a five-electrode montage. Following a 10-min baseline period, tails were docked using side-cutter pliers and recording continued for a further 5 min. Changes in the median frequency (F50), 95% spectral edge frequency (F95) and total power (PTOT) of the EEG were used to assess nociception. Tail-docking at one day of age induced no significant changes in the EEG spectrum. A typical nociceptive response, characterised by an increase in F50 and decrease in PTOT, was evident at ten days of age, with five and seven day old pigs exhibiting responses in either F50 or PTOT only. Pooling of data into ≤ 7 days of age and > 7 days of age revealed F50 was higher overall in the older group. Whilst PTOT decreased after docking in both groups, this response was larger and more prolonged in the older group. F95 increased after docking in the older pigs only. Overall, these data provide evidence of an increase in cortical responsiveness to noxious stimulation with increasing post-natal age, suggesting there may be qualitative differences in pain perception between age groups. Further, the data provide some support for current recommendations that tail-docking and other painful husbandry procedures be performed within seven days of birth in order to minimise their impact on animal welfare.
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    Growth of early weaned lambs on a plantain-clover mix compared with lambs suckling their dam on a plantain-clover mix or a grass based sward
    (NZSAP, 7/07/2016) Cranston, LM; Corner-Thomas, RA; Kenyon, PR; Morris, ST
    Plantain-clover mixes have high metabolisable energy content and have been shown to support greater liveweight gains in lambs both pre- and post-weaning when compared with grass. The aim of this experiment was to determine if a plantain-clover mix could be used as a means to wean lambs earlier. Twin-bearing ewes (n=67) with both lambs at a minimum live weight of 16 kg each were allocated to one of three treatments; 1) ewe and lambs together on grass, 2) ewes and lambs together on plantain- clover mix, 3) lambs weaned at approximately 8 weeks of age onto a plantain-clover mix and ewes on grass. Lambs that were weaned early were lighter (P<0.05) at approximately 14 weeks of age than those which remained with their dam on either a plantain-clover mix or grass (32.3±0.43 vs 34.7±0.44 vs 33.7±0.45 kg, respectively). However, ewes which had their lambs weaned early were heavier (P<0.05; 79.7±1.73 vs 75.5±1.68 vs 75.9±1.64 kg, respectively) and in better body condition score (P<0.05; 3.1±0.05 vs 2.9±0.05 vs 2.9±0.05, respectively) than those which remained with their lambs on either a plantain-clover mix or grass. This suggests early weaning improved ewe condition but did not improve lamb performance
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    The Effect of Age of Dam and Birth Rank on the Reproductive Performance of Ewes as One- and Two-Year-Olds.
    (10/03/2021) Pettigrew E; Hickson R; Morris S; Kenyon P; Corner-Thomas R; Haslin E; Blair H
    Currently, 30-43% of New Zealand sheep farmers breed their ewe lambs, but few retain the offspring as replacements for their flock. No difference in lamb production as a yearling among singletons and twins born to ewe lambs and twins born to mature ewes has been reported, provided the ewe lambs had reached the 60-65% of their likely mature weight prior to breeding at seven to eight months of age. The aim of this experiment was to determine the lamb production from singletons and twins born to ewe lambs and twins born to mature ewes during their first two years of lambing. The experiment included 8-month-old ewes born as twins to mature ewes (M2, n = 135), singletons born to ewe lambs (L1, n = 135), and twins born to ewe lambs (L2, n = 88), bred during the same period to the same rams, over two years. The efficiency of lamb production (total litter weight at weaning divided by the pre-breeding weight of the ewe, for all ewes presented for breeding) after two years of production was not significantly different (p > 0.05) among the groups (0.40 ± 0.02, 0.39 ± 0.02, and 0.39 ± 0.03, for M2, L1, and L2, respectively).
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    Isolates, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles and Multidrug Resistance of Bacteria Cultured from Pig Submissions in New Zealand
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 14/08/2020) Riley CB; Chidgey KL; Bridges JP; Gordon E; Lawrence KE
    Data on the scope of bacterial pathogens present and the frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in New Zealand's pigs are limited. This study describes bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility data, and multidrug resistance (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) from New Zealand pig submissions. Porcine test data from June 2003 to February 2016 were obtained from commercial veterinary pathology laboratory records. In total, 470/477 unique submissions resulted in bacterial growth, yielding 779 isolates. Sample type was recorded for 360/477 (75.5%); lung (79/360; 21.9%), faecal (61/360; 16.9%) and intestinal (45/360; 12.5%) were most common. The most common isolates were Escherichia coli (186/779, 23.9%), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (43/779; 5.5%), Streptococcus suis (43/779; 5.5%), unidentified Campylobacter spp. (38/779; 4.9%), alpha haemolytic Streptococci (32/779; 4.1%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. (26/779; 3.3%), and Pasteurella multocida (25/779; 3.2%). Susceptibility results were available for 141/779 (18.1%) isolates from 62/470 (13.2%) submissions. Most were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulphonamide (75/81; 92.6%), but fewer were susceptible to penicillin (37/77; 48.1%), tilmicosin (18/43; 41.9%), or tetracyclines (41/114; 36.0%). No susceptibility data were available for Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., or Yersinia spp. isolates. MDR was present in 60/141 (42.6%) isolates. More data on sample submission drivers, antimicrobial drug use, and susceptibilities of important porcine bacterial isolates are required to inform guidelines for prudent antimicrobial use, to reduce their prevalence, human transmission, and to minimise AMR and MDR.
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    Reproductive performance of singleton and twin female offspring born to ewe-lamb dams and mature adult dams
    (New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 7/07/2016) Loureiro, MFP; Kenyon, PR; Pain, SJ; Blair, HT
    This study was undertaken to compare the reproductive and live weight performance of female singleton and twin ewes born to either mature or young dams from 18 months to 2.5 years of age. One hundred and fifteen singleton- and twin-born female offspring born to either ewe-lamb (8 months at breeding) or adult ewe dams were maintained as one cohort under commercial New Zealand grazing conditions. Ewe live weights and body condition scores were recorded, as were ovulation rates at a synchronised breeding and number of fetuses present at pregnancy scanning. The live weight of ewes born to ewe-lambs were lighter (P<0.05) than those born to adult ewes at breeding and during their first pregnancy but not (P>0.05) at the weaning of their lambs. Twin-born ewes were lighter (P<0.05) than their singleton-born counterparts. There was no difference in corpora lutea number (P>0.05) at breeding or number of fetuses at pregnancy scanning. Lambs whose grand dam was a ewe-lamb were heavier at birth (P<0.05) but not at weaning (P>0.05) compared to those lambs whose grand dams was an adult ewe. This data suggests there are few negative impacts from selecting progeny born to ewe lambs as replacement ewes. However, before this hypothesis can be supported, lifetime data of these ewes needs to be collected.
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    Mathematical modelling of anoestrus in dairy cows and the linkage to nutrition
    (1/01/2005) Smith, JF; Soboleva, TK; Peterson, AJ; Pleasants, T; Chagas, LM; Burke, CR
    Postpartum anoestrus is a major reproductive problem in New Zealand dairy cows and its duration is related to the nutrition levels both pre and post calving. However, the mechanistic details of this relationship are largely unknown. A better understanding of the interactions between nutritional status, and the levels of the reproductive hormones controlling follicle development and ovulation is needed. A mathematical model consisting of a set of interactive nonlinear differential equations and describing the dynamics of the interactions among luteinising hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and oestradiol was developed. The model depicts oestradiol profiles generated by individual follicles from the first follicular wave after calving until ovulation, and changes in LH pulsatility leading to the first pre-ovulatory surge are also produced. The robustness of the model was ascertained from iterative processes, and it was also checked against existing experimental data so as to mimic observed changes in hormone levels. It was shown that two mathematical parameters which control: i) the speed of changes in the feedback of LH activity to oestradiol; and, ii) the sensitivity of the ovarian response to LH, have the greatest effect on duration of anoestrus.
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    Genetics of alternative definitions of feed efficiency in grazing lactating dairy cows
    (NZSAP, 7/07/2016) Hurley, AM; Lopez-Villalobos, N; McParland, S; Lewis, E; Kennedy, E; O'Donovan, M; Burke, JL; Berry, DP
    The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for measures of energy conversion efficiency (ECE), energy balance (EB), net energy intake (NEI), net energy of lactation (NEL) and body weight (BW), within lactation stages in grazing dairy cows. Individual measurements of NEI (n=7,675) from 2,445 lactations on 1,245 grazing cows were available. Residual energy intake (REI) was defined as NEI minus predicted energy requirements; residual energy production (REP) was defined as net energy of lactation (NEL) minus predicted energy requirements. Energy conversion efficiency was defined as NEL divided by NEI; EB was defined as the difference between intake and energy required for maintenance plus lactation. Lactation was divided into three stages (8-90, 91-180, and >180 days in milk [DIM]). Genetic and phenotypic (co)variances for EB, NEL and BW were estimated using univariate and bivariate animal repeatability models. The models included the fixed effects of contemporary group (treatment and test-date), parity, DIM, as well as a random additive genetic effect of animal, a within-lactation stage random permanent environmental effect and an across-lactation permanent environmental effect. Heritability across-lactation stages varied from 0.13 (8-90 DIM) to 0.28 (91-180 DIM) for NEI, from 0.16 (8-90 DIM) to 0.33 (91-180 DIM) for NEL, from 0.04 (8-90 DIM) to 0.10 (91-180 and >180 DIM) for EB, from 0.03 (8-90 DIM) to 0.11 (>180 DIM) for REI, and from 0.04 (8-90 DIM) to 0.18 (>180 DIM) for ECE. A strong genetic association between REI and EB was evident when average BW change was close to zero. These genetic parameters from Holstein-Friesian dairy cows fed predominantly grazed grass imply that genetic improvement in selected efficiency traits is achievable.
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    Variability in growth rates of goat kids on 16 New Zealand dairy goat farms
    (New Zealand Society of Animal Production, 7/07/2016) Deeming LE; Beausoleil NJ; Stafford KJ; Webster JR; Zobel G
    Average daily weight gains (ADG) in early life are associated with health, welfare and future production potential of dairy animals. While this has yet to be established for goats, research in cows demonstrates a positive relationship between growth in early life and milk production (Shamay et al. 2005, Soberon et al. 2012). Early growth rates are largely determined by the management practices from birth onwards. It is therefore unsurprising that large differences in ADG under different management systems have been reported. In lambs, Mahgoub et al. (2000) reported a large range in ADG (84-154 g/day). Similarly, in calves, Bartlett et al. (2006) reported ADGs ranging from 251 g/day to 703 g/day. The ADGs reported in goats have not been as variable (152-170 g/day: Galina et al. 1995; 167-173 g/day: Goetsch et al. 2001); however, these were small, controlled studies. To our knowledge, no research has yet quantified variability in the ADG of goat kids on a large, multi-farm scale. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the variation in growth rates on multiple dairy goat farms in the Waikato region of NZ, providing a benchmark for dairy goat farmers.
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    Growth and Body Composition of Artificially-Reared Lambs Exposed to Three Different Rearing Regimens.
    (24/11/2021) Herath HMGP; Pain SJ; Kenyon PR; Blair HT; Morel PCH
    This study was designed to investigate the influence of pellet fibre level, milk replacer composition and age at weaning on growth and body composition of lambs reared artificially. Romney ram lambs were randomly allocated to one of three rearing treatments; HFP57: commercial milk replacer to 57 days of age, and high fibre concentrate pellets; HFP42: commercial milk replacer with early weaning at 42 days of age, and high fibre concentrate pellets; LFP42: high protein milk replacer from 2-16 days of age followed by commercial milk replacer with early weaning at 42 days of age, and low fibre concentrate pellets. Lambs were slaughtered at 57 days of age. Overall average daily liveweight gain of lambs did not differ (p > 0.05) between treatments. Dressing out percentage, carcass weight, empty small intestine and omental fat were higher (p < 0.05) in HFP57 than in both HFP42 and LFP42 lambs. HFP42 and LFP42 lambs had heavier (p < 0.05) empty rumen weights. Whole body protein content was higher (p < 0.05) in HFP42 lambs compared to both HFP57 and LFP42 lambs. Fat content and daily fat deposition were greater (p < 0.05) in HFP57 lambs than HFP42 and LFP42 lambs. Weaning lambs at 42 days of age with provision of either low or high fibre concentrate pellets, resulted in similar growth rates, reduced whole body fat deposition and was a more cost-effective rearing regimen.