Massey Documents by Type
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/294
Browse
4 results
Search Results
Item Time in Bed, Sleeping Difficulties, and Nutrition in Pregnant New Zealand Women.(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-02-23) McDonald BW; Watson PE; Trakada GWe consider the relationship between time in bed (TIB) and sleeping difficulties with demographic variables and nutrient intakes in the second (T2) and third (T3) trimester of pregnancy. Data were acquired from a volunteer sample of New Zealand pregnant women. In T2 and T3, questionnaires were administered, diets were obtained from one 24 h recall and three weighed food records, and physical activity was measured with the use of three 24 h diaries. In total, 370 women had complete information in T2 and 310 in T3. In both trimesters, TIB was associated with welfare or disability status, marital status and age. In T2, TIB was associated with work, childcare, education and pre-pregnancy alcohol consumption. There were fewer significant lifestyle covariates in T3. In both trimesters, TIB declined with increasing dietary intake, especially water, protein, biotin, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus and manganese. Adjusted for weight of dietary intake and welfare/disability, TIB declined with increasing nutrient density of B vitamins, saturated fats, potassium, fructose and lactose; and TIB increased with carbohydrate, sucrose and vitamin E. Subjective sleeping difficulties increased with the week of gestation, morning sickness severity, anxiety, dairy and saturated fat intake, and they decreased with fruit, vegetable and monounsaturated fat intake. The study highlights the changing influence of covariates throughout the pregnancy and corroborates several published findings on the relationship of diet and sleep.Item The relationship between nutritional adequacy and 24-month fracture occurence in Māori and non-Māori of advanced age : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand(Massey University, 2015) Towgood, AliceAbstract Background The life expectancy of both Māori and non-Māori is continually increasing with more New Zealanders expected to live into advanced age. Adults over the age of 80 experience greater health loss than any other age group, with chronic disease and associated disability increasing substantially with age. Osteoporosis and the morbidity associated with fractures, particularly hip fracture, are of critical concern for an ageing population and may diminish quality of life and independence for older people, thus placing an increased burden on health and disability support services. The role of nutrition in the maintenance of bone mineral density (BMD), bone integrity, and subsequent fracture prevention, particularly in octogenarians is unclear. The ability to meet adequate energy requirements decrease with increasing age and may compromise intake of nutrients related to bone health. Nutrients necessary for bone health including: protein, calcium, vitamin D, phosphorous, magnesium and potassium are modifiable factors. Achieving optimal bone nutrient intakes may influence potential for maintenance of good bone health in adults of advanced age. This study aims firstly to investigate food and nutrient intakes of Māori and Non-Māori octogenarians to establish an understanding of nutrient adequacy. Secondly, to investigate the energy and nutrient intakes of participants who experience a fracture compared with those non-fractured to identify nutrient specific risk factors for fracture in adults of advanced age. Method Comprehensive nutritional parameters were collected using two separate 24-hour multi-pass recalls. FOOD files were used to analyse food sources and nutrient intake. Face to face interviews were conducted to ascertain specific social, demographic, health and fracture information. Fracture occurrence was measured over a 24 month period following the 2 x 24-hour Multi Pass Recall’s and included self-reported and hospitalised fracture occurrences. Hospitalisation data was obtained with permission from the participants. National Health Index New Zealand (NHI) numbers were used to identify fractures. Results There were 317 participants (113 Māori and 204 non-Māori), aged 80-90 years in this study. For men and women respectively the median energy intakes were 6,943kJ vs. 5,603kJ for Māori; and 8,203kJ vs. 6,225kJ for non-Māori; protein as a percentage of energy was 15.5% vs. 15.9% for Māori and 15.7% vs. 15.5% for non-Māori. The top foods contributing to energy were bread, butter and margarine for all Maori and non-Maori with beef and veal contributed the most protein for Māori men, bread for Māori women and milk for non-Māori, men and women. Compared to the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) intakes of calcium, vitamin D, magnesium and potassium were inadequate for all participants. Compared to an EAR of 1100mg for men and women, median calcium intakes were low, 559mg vs. 539mg for Māori and 748mg vs. 672mg for non-Māori, men and women respectively. The primary food groups contributing to calcium were milk, cheese and bread. Compared to the EAR (15 μg/day in men and women) and vitamin D intake from food was low (≤ 4 μg) for all participants. Compared to the EAR (350mg/day men and 265mg/day women), median magnesium intakes were 259 mg/day vs. 204mg/day for Māori and 271 mg/day vs. 238 mg/day for non-Māori, men and women respectively. The primary food groups contributing to magnesium were bread, breakfast cereals and fruit. A total of 18.6% of Māori and 20.6% of non-Māori sustained a fracture over a 24 month period. One in five Māori and non-Māori women sustained fractures. Among non-Māori women those who fractured were 1.1 times more likely to be financially insecure than non-fractured women (p=0.033). For Māori women who were fractured, inability to afford to eat properly was 3.3 times more likely (p=0.012), and previous fractures were 1.5 times (p=0.015) more likely than for non-fractured women. Fractured Māori women consumed significantly less vitamin D (2.0μg vs 3.0μg) (P=0.01) and magnesium (143.0mg vs 211mg) (P=0.033) compared to non-fractured Māori women. Conclusion Energy intakes were low for all participants and may have manifested the suboptimal intakes of calcium, vitamin D, potassium and magnesium prevalent in Māori and non-Māori, men and women. Fractures were more frequent in women than men, and both Māori and non-Māori sustained similar rates of fracture over the 24 month period. Magnesium and vitamin D intakes were significantly related to fracture occurrence in Māori women; this relationship diminished with further regression analysis. Increased intake of energy in adults of advanced age, with a focus on protein rich and nutrient dense foods, particularly calcium and magnesium, should be encouraged through consuming a variety of foods from the major food groups. Greater intakes of calcium can be achieved through higher consumption of milk and dairy products including yoghurt and cheese; and magnesium through increased green leafy vegetables, seafood, dairy, mushrooms, avocado, beans and bananas. Vitamin D intakes were minimal from food; however it is possible participants were receiving supplementary vitamin D and further investigation is warranted. For fractured Māori women, magnesium intake was significantly lower than those with no fractures. Promoting increased intakes of culturally acceptable foods such as vegetables and seafood may be advantageous to increase magnesium intakes.Item The fate of potassium in grazed dairy pastures : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Soil Science at Massey University(Massey University, 1988) Williams, Prudence HelenLosses of potassium (K) are inevitable in grazed New Zealand dairy pasture. Losses result from the removal of K in animal products, transfer of excreta to the dairy shed and raceways, and K teaching below the effective plant rooting zone. In this study the fate of K in a grazed dairy pasture was investigated in order to quantify the extent of these losses more precisely. As a consequence an improved methodology for predicting K fertiliser requirements has been developed. A field experiment on the Tokomaru silt loam soil (yellow-grey earth) showed that immediately after a urination event in July up to 59% of the urine K moved preferentially through a network of soil macropores to below a soil depth of 15 cm. The remaining 41% of the urine K was retained in this depth of soil in the form of exchangeable soil K+. Over the following spring and summer, plants were able to recover the urine K retained in the 0-15 cm depth of soil. The field experiment also showed that pasture plant roots growing in urine affected soil derived their K requirements mainly from the 0-15 cm depth of soil. Any K that moved beyond a depth of 15 cm due to leaching can be considered to be a loss of K from the grazed dairy pasture. In a laboratory study, two soil types of contrasting mineralogy (the Tokomaru silt loam, a yellow-grey earth, and the Egmont brown loam, a yellow-brown loam) were incubated with either dairy cow urine potassium chloride. Within 24 hours the soil pH in the urine treatment increased by one unit on both soil types. This increased soil pH was evident for 41 days in the Tokomaru soil and for the duration of the experiment (106 days) in the Egmont soil. For the Egmont soil, which contains larger amounts of pH dependent negative surface charge, this increase in soil pH resulted in greater K+ adsorption by the soil from the urine treatment compared with the potassium chloride treatment. The Tokomaru soil contained smaller amounts of pH dependent charge, and there was no difference in K+ adsorption between the two K sources. Such a result suggested that where potassium chloride solutions are used to simulate urine K additions to the soil, misleading resutls may occur. In the field, K+ adsorption, and therefore leaching losses due to rainfall, from an application of urine may vary between soil types that differ in their surface charge characteristics. The redistribution of urine K due to leaching, plant uptake and soil adsorption after an application of dairy cow urine to soil was investigated in two experiments with intact cores of four different soil types. In climatic conditions that simulated those of August/September in the Manawatu region up to 80% of the urine moved preferentially beyond the 15 cm depth of soil. This preferential movement of urine occurred too quickly for adsorption reactions to occur between the soil surface and the solutes in the urine, therefore the soil type had little effect on the amount of urine K that was leached. After the urine application, sufficient simulated rain (as 6 events of 5 mm per day applied every second day over a 6-8 week period) was applied to produce 300 mm of drainage. Under free draining conditions the rainfall tended to move preferentially through the macropores of the soil cores bypassing the urine K in the soil, and so the amount leached was equivalent to 3-6% of the urine K applied. Where drainage was impeded, the rainfall moved less preferentially and more K (equivalent to 7-27% of the urine K applied) from the soil micropores was leached. A technique was developed to measure the amount of urine K that was lost preferentially beyond the 15 cm depth of soil in the field situation. This technique was used on seven soil types, four of which were sampled in two different seasons. Results showed that between 0 and 46% of the urine K (and nitrogen) moved beyond the 15 cm depth due to preferential flow. These field results confirmed that preferential flow of urine through soil macropores resulted in the largest loss of K from all the soils studied. In general, the amount of K that was lost was more dependent on the physical conditions of the soil surface (e.g., water repellent or compacted soil surface, irregular surface microtopography) than the soil type or moisture content. Data generated from this study were used to construct a model (the K Loss model) to predict the extent of K losses from three seasonal supply dairy farms. For one of the farms, on a peat soil, it was possible to show that the predictions of soil K losses made by the K Loss model were comparable with actual changes in soil K status. Similar evaluations on the other sites were impossible because the changes of soil K with time were insignificant in comparison with the native soil K contents. Comparisons were made between the losses of K estimated by the K Loss model and the model used by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in their Computerised Fertiliser Advisory Service (CFAS). The CFAS model did not account directly for the loss that occurs due to preferential flow of urine beyond the 15 cm depth of soil, although in some cases this loss can be considerable (e.g., 48 kg K ha-1 yr-1 on the Massey University No. 4 dairy farm), in addition the CFAS model appeared to overestimate the amount of K lost due to transfer of excreta to unproductive areas of the farm (e.g. the transfer loss was overestimated by 39 kg K ha-1 on the No. 4 dairy farm). More accurate predictions of the amounts of K lost, and therefore the amounts of K fertiliser required to replace these losses, can be made easily using information supplied by the farmer trom which the chronometric detail of the cows excretion pattern can be established.Item Potassium releasing and supplying power of selected yellow grey earth soils of New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Soil Science at Massey University(Massey University, 1994) Surapaneni, AravindThe supply of soil potassium (K) to New Zealand pastures is currently being assessed by the quick test K (QTK) and reserve K (Kc) methods, which measure soil exchangeable K (Kex) and non-exchangeable K (Knex), respectively. QTK is based on a routine soil test and Kc is an assigned estimate appropriate to the soil group. No consideration is given to the variations of the Knex supply within a soil group. The objective of this research was to examine the K releasing and K supplying power of selected soils from the yellow-grey earth (YGE) group. A wide variation was observed in the measured Kc values of the YGE soils in the North and South Islands. A glasshouse experiment showed that the supply of Knex to ryegrass grown on the 13 North Island YGE soils ranged from 0-41 mg 100 g-1 and that of the 6 South Island YGE soils ranged from 3-35 mg 100 g-1. The experiment also showed that there were lower levels of Knex supply in the pasture sites, compared to the virgin sites with respect to the South Island YGE soils. These results have implications to the use of the soil group concept which is used to estimate Knex supply in the Computerised Fertilizer Advisory Service (CFAS) K model, currently used by AgResearch. In a laboratory study, the threshold K levels in terms of K concentration and the activity ratio in the equilibrated soil solution, Kex, and the amount of specifically held K were determined, in order to explain the variations in Knex, supply. The threshold K levels were not related to the Knex release and supply. The uptake of K by ryegrass was at best poorly to moderately correlated with the K extracted by current methods of determining K releasing power viz, QTK and Kc. The highest simple correlation was obtained from an improved acid-extractable K procedure (r = 0.96; P < 0.01). The differences in the Knex uptake by ryegrass from various soils were better explained by a simple method of determining soil Knex i.e., step K, than by the existing Kc method. A multiple regression equation with QTK and step K as independent variables explained 96 % of the variation in total K uptake among soils. On the basis of Knex taken up by ryegrass in the glasshouse experiment, the 19 soils in this study were broadly grouped into two categories (i) soils with step K values of less than 35 mg 100 g-1 and a Kc range of 8-10 mg 100 g-1 and (ii) soils with step K values greater than 35 mg 100 g-1 and a Kc range of 12-19 mg 100 g-1. Selected soils were fractioned into sand, silt, and clay separates and acid-extractable K levels of the fractions were measured. There was a wide range in the acid-extractable K levels among the soils for the same size fraction e.g., clay, and for different size fractions within the same soil. When weighted according to the particle size distribution of the soil, the sand was found to contribute 4-45 %, silt 10-40 %, and clay 15-85 % of the K released by the sum of the 3 separates, using the improved acid extraction method. In all the soils, the clay separate released the most K per unit weight. An agar pot trial technique was developed to measure the K supplying power of the soil separates. Although on a unit weight basis the clay separates showed a much greater activity than the other separates on a weighted basis, the contributions of sand and silt separates to the total K uptake of Marton (38 %), Matapiro (41 %), and Wharekaka (25 %) soils was of considerable importance. The results demonstrated that the role of sand and silt separates deserve more consideration in estimating potential K releasing and supplying power than has hitherto been the case. The study also attempted to relate Knex release and supply to the soil mineralogy. Although the gross mineralogy of the 19 soils was similar, differences in the Knex release and supply could be related to subtle differences and gradual changes in the clay mineralogy. The XRD patterns of the clays with a Kc range of 8-10 mg 100 g-1 of soil differed from those with a Kc range of 12-19 mg 100 g-1 of soil. The latter group of clays contain more K bearing minerals than the former group. The practical implications of the measured differences in Kc values (Knex supply) within the YGE soil group were dealt with. The measured Knex supply in the North Island YGE soils ranged from 20-40 kg ha-1 yr-1, whereas the expected Knex supply based on an assigned Kc value is 30 kg ha-1 yr-1. The difference between the expected and the measured Knex may be sufficiently economically significant as to invalidate applying a single Kc value to a soil group. Possible improvements to the soil K supply component of the CFAS K model were suggested, particularly that step K values should replace Kc in the K supply model.