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    Borders and Confinement in Seafarers’ Realities
    (Palgrave Macmillan, 2025-02-15) Borovnik M; Peters K; Turner J
    Seafarers may come across as highly mobile beings, shifters and movers of global trade, criss-crossing the oceans and living cosmopolitan lives across many borders. And yet, their actual everyday lives are riddled with (im)mobilities and enclosures. This chapter is framed within mobility justice in exploring seafarers’ contrasting realities of mobilities and confinement, freedom and unfreedom, structure and agency, which are determined by the demands of globalisation that assumes uninterrupted trade flows, fluid contract arrangements and speed. The narrative of this scenario normalises 24/7 activities, quick-fix ‘borderless’ mobilities and individual agency that is subdued by the demands of trade and the confinement of the ship space. While these scenarios are quite problematic under usual conditions, the COVID-19 pandemic had exacerbated these situations. This chapter will highlight a number of injustices involved in seafarers’ mobilities to show the difficult and confined scenarios they have to endure.
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    Public response to decarbonisation through alternative shipping fuels
    (Springer Nature, 2023-06-24) Carlisle DP; Feetham PM; Wright M; Teagle D
    Although shipping is the most energy efficient method of transporting trade goods it is held accountable for 2-3% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The shipping industry is exploring pathways to carbon-neutral fuels to help eliminate GHG emissions by 2050. To date research on alternative fuels has not considered public opinion; it remains unclear whether the public will support alternative shipping fuels, or whether public opposition might prevent or defer their deployment. To fill this knowledge gap and help the industry and policy makers arrive at publicly acceptable decisions our research examines UK public perceptions of six shipping fuels using a mixed-method approach. Our findings reveal that biofuels and hydrogen are clearly favoured, owing to biofuel’s perceived low risk and hydrogen’s lack of negative by-products. Perceptions of liquid natural gas are somewhat positive, suggesting that it provides an acceptable near-term option while other fuels are developed. Despite lingering stigma, nuclear is preferred over the incumbent heavy fuel oil, though both are perceived negatively. However, the UK public strongly dislike ammonia, perceiving it as unproven, risky, and lacking availability. A third support use of alternative shipping fuels, with support greater from those living near ports - a “yes in my back yard” (YIMBY) effect. The results demonstrate that different alternative fuels are likely to elicit different public reactions as they become more widely known and show how the overall evaluations arise from specific positive or negative associations with each fuel.
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    Competition and contestability in trans-Tasman liner shipping industry : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Applied Economics at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1997) Li, Gang Richard
    This study examines competition and contestability in trans-Tasman liner shipping industry for the period of waterfront deregulation. Contestability, often known as a benchmark in markets, is one of the most controversial issues of industrial organization theory. In this study, contestability in trans-Tasman liner shipping industry is analyzed, since this industry had been highly regulated and protected by trade union policy and practice until the recent waterfront reforms. Using a normative analysis, the study finds that parts of the trans-Tasman liner trade exhibit characteristics of contestability, such as frequent entry/exit, an absence of sunk costs, and pricing behaviour. In contrast to the predictions of contestability theory, actual competition, rather than potential competition has been found to have a substantial effect on market performance. Hence, the study further employs a "Conjectural Variations" model to examine firms' strategic behaviours. The simulation results indicate that since post-deregulation, a period of intensive competition has occurred. The study suggests that contestability theory may not be robust with small deviations from the assumptions. Instead, contestability theory supplements industrial organization theory with a new device specializing in performance implications of competition. In practice, the study concludes that deregulation has brought very substantial benefits to the shippers and to the national economy. As a result, a new wave of restructuring in the liner shipping industry and in the whole ports/shipping network is just beginning.
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    The importance of the security of energy shipments in the Straits of Malacca for littoral user states and user states : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of 149.896 Master of Defence Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2010) Prabowo, Purwoko Aji
    In the globalized wortd, how we understand and interpret the world is partly dependent on how we define the world we are trying to understand and interpret. A number of different definitions further are employed to define this. In the study of international relations, to understand and interpret the world we should not only learn about diplomacy and strategy but also need to look at the issues of war, peace, conflict, and cooperation. Subsequently, one has to consider world trade, communication, transportation, emergence of global society in politics, economics and security. These areas provide significant implication for study, along with the world oil energy security in the Sea Lanes of Communication having a major impact on each. Maritime transport still remains the most inexpensive means of transporting bulk goods, and the world energy: oil, coal, etc. Over 80% of the world's trade involves ocean transit and the world's sea lanes and chokepoints are vital in supporting regional and distant economies. The Straits of Malacca, second busiest chokepOints, located in Southeast Asia, consist of the Strait of Malacca itself and the Strart of Singapore. Due to its limitation in narrow width, capacrty for shipping vessels, and a number of sea criminals, the Straits of Malacca becomes increasingly important not only for user states; China, Japan, India, and the Unrted States of America, but also for the littoral user states; Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.