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    Effect of Amino Acid Supplementation on Iron Regulation after Endurance Exercise.
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-11-25) Lin C-A; Hayashi N; Badenhorst CE; Goto K; Rowlands D
    The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of pre-exercise amino acid (AA) supplementation on post-exercise iron regulation. Ten healthy males participated under two different sets of conditions in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design with a washout period of at least 21 days. Participants received either an AA supplement or placebo (PLA) for five consecutive days (4 g/dose, 3 doses/day). On the sixth day, participants ran on a treadmill for 60 min at 70% of maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max). Venous blood samples were collected before (baseline), immediately after, and 1 and 3 h after exercise. The serum hepcidin levels increased significantly 3 h post-exercise in both trials when compared to the baseline (p < 0.001), but the levels were not different between trials. The plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) level significantly increased immediately after exercise compared to the baseline (p < 0.001) and was significantly higher in the AA trial than in the PLA trial (p = 0.014). Moreover, the exercise-induced increase in serum glycerol level was significantly higher in the AA trial (21.20 ± 3.98 mg/L) than in the PLA trial (17.28 ± 4.47 mg/L, p = 0.017). No significant differences were observed between the AA and PLA trials for serum iron, ferritin, and total ketone body levels (p > 0.05). In conclusion, five days of AA supplementation augmented exercise-induced increases in IL-6 and glycerol in healthy males. However, it did not affect post-exercise iron status or regulation.
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    A contemporary understanding of iron metabolism in active premenopausal females
    (Frontiers Media S.A, 2022) Badenhorst CE; Forsyth AK; Govus AD
    Iron metabolism research in the past decade has identified menstrual blood loss as a key contributor to the prevalence of iron deficiency in premenopausal females. The reproductive hormones estrogen and progesterone influence iron regulation and contribute to variations in iron parameters throughout the menstrual cycle. Despite the high prevalence of iron deficiency in premenopausal females, scant research has investigated female-specific causes and treatments for iron deficiency. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion of factors that influence iron status in active premenopausal females, with a focus on the menstrual cycle. We also outline several practical guidelines for monitoring, diagnosing, and treating iron deficiency in premenopausal females. Finally, we highlight several areas for further research to enhance the understanding of iron metabolism in this at-risk population.
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    Influence of an energy deficient and low carbohydrate acute dietary manipulation on iron regulation in young females
    (Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Physiological Society and the American Physiological Society, 2022-07) Hayashi N; Ishibashi A; Iwata A; Yatsutani H; Badenhorst C; Goto K
    Hepcidin is a liver-derived hormone that regulates iron metabolism. Recent studies suggest that an energy-deficient diet or low carbohydrate (CHO) availability may increase hepcidin in the absence of inflammation. The purpose of the present study was to examine the impact of either an energy-deficient diet or an ED diet with low CHO intake during three consecutive days on hepcidin responses, hematological variables, and energy metabolism in young Japanese women. Twenty-two young females were divided into two different groups, either an energy-deficient with low CHO intake group (ED + LCHO; 2.0 ± 0.3 g/kg/day CHO, 39%CHO, 1123 kcal/day) or an energy deficient with moderate CHO intake group (ED; 3.4 ± 0.3 g/kg/day CHO, 63%CHO, 1162 kcal/day). During the three consecutive days of the dietary intervention program, participants consumed only the prescribed diet and maintained their habitual physical activity levels. Body composition, substrate oxidation, iron metabolism, and inflammation were evaluated pre- and post-intervention. Serum iron and ferritin levels were significantly elevated following the intervention (p < 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively). Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels did not change following the intervention. Serum hepcidin levels significantly increased after the intervention (p = 0.002). Relative change in hepcidin levels was significantly higher in the ED + LCHO (264.3 ± 87.2%) than in the ED group (68.9 ± 22.1%, p = 0.048). Three consecutive days of an energy-deficient diet increased fasting hepcidin levels. Moreover, elevated hepcidin levels were further augmented when an energy-deficient diet was combined with a lower CHO intake.