An exploration into the use of galactagogues among breastfeeding women in Aotearoa and the factors associated with use : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science majoring in Nutrition and Dietetics, Massey University, Auckland
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Date
2024
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Massey University
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Background: Galactagogues are herbal, food, or pharmaceutical substances increasingly used to enhance breast milk production in breastfeeding women. Despite limited evidence on galactagogue efficacy and use generally, literature has reported use of G associated use with perceived insufficient milk; a mother’s belief that their quality or quantity is insufficient to meet infant needs. This thesis aims to describe the type, duration, and purpose of galactagogue use by breastfeeding women in Aotearoa. Additionally, this study will identify factors associated with galactagogue use and explore associations with perceived insufficient milk supply. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional online survey was distributed via study advertisements on Facebook, the Le Leche League, Lactation Consultants, or by word of mouth. Women currently breastfeeding, or who breastfed in the past year, aged 16+ in Aotearoa, were eligible. The 58 question survey included demographics, birth characteristics, breastfeeding practices and galactagogue behaviours. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and bivariate and logistic analyses. Results: In total, 763 women were included in this study. More than half the participants (63.8%) reported using a galactagogue. The most commonly reported galactagogues were oats (71.1%), followed by lactation cookies (59.3%) and nuts and seeds (42.1%). Bivariate analyses found galactagogue use was higher among primiparous women (68.8% vs 57.6%, p=0.001), those with caesarean births (70.4% vs 60.4%, p=0.010), having previously used galactagogues (yes=69% vs no=30.3%, p=<0.001), those concerned with perceived insufficient milk quantity (44% vs 78%, p=<0.001). Multivariate analysis found perceived insufficient milk quantity was the only predictor of galactagogue use. Many women who never reported perceived insufficient milk quantity (54%) or quality (44%) still reported galactagogue use. The most common reason for using galactagogues was to increase milk supply (47.9%). Nearly two-thirds of women (60.5%) commenced galactagogue use within the first four weeks postpartum. Using a galactagogue for less than one week was uncommon (<13%). Conclusion: This study revealed that galactagogue use was high among breastfeeding women in Aotearoa. Mothers concerned about perceived insufficient milk quantity or quality were more likely to use galactagogues, yet a significant proportion of mothers who never questioned these aspects were also users. Qualitative research is needed to clarify decision making processes and influences.
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breastfeeding, lactation, galactagogues, perceived insufficient milk supply, PIM, women, Aotearoa