Should trees be considered more important than roads? : an exploration of the impacts of development on Nature, First Nations people and Country : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Development, School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey University, Aotearoa New Zealand
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2025
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Massey University
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This thesis investigates the intersection of mainstream development in Australia with the cultural and environmental rights of First Nations peoples, paying particular attention to a contested Western Highway development in Victoria and its impacts on Djab Wurrung people and Country. The research highlights how infrastructure expansion often prioritises economic growth over ecological and Indigenous rights, creating systemic barriers that marginalise both Nature and Indigenous voices. The removal of sacred Birthing Trees on Djab Wurrung Country for the Western Highway upgrade exemplifies this issue. These trees have long been central to the cultural and spiritual identity of the Djab Wurrung people, serving as vital sites for traditional birthing practices and ceremonies that connect generations to their Country. The destruction of these trees was executed during the COVID-19 lockdown in October 2020, raising questions about transparency and accountability in government decision-making processes that disregard Indigenous rights. The research adopts a political ontology approach to explore how Indigenous rights and the rights of Nature are intertwined, emphasising that this relationship is essential for meaningful reconciliation and decolonisation efforts in Australia. By examining the case study through a series of key informant interviews, the thesis reveals the broader implications of prioritising development over the sacredness of Country and the cultural practices of First Nations people. Findings show that five key barriers (power and control, incompatible knowledge systems, ignorance, inertia and racism) inhibit progress on achieving Country-centred policy, planning and development. Ultimately, I argue for the preservation of cultural and ecological heritage, which is crucial for ensuring a more just and equitable society that respects both Indigenous peoples and the natural world. Through this exploration, the thesis contributes to ongoing discussions on how to understand and work with Country, protect Indigenous rights, the rights of Nature and consider cultural heritage, racism, justice, environmental ethics, and sustainable development practices more deeply within the Australian context.
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