Theses and Dissertations

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Planar chiral oxazolines based on [2.2]paracyclophane : a new toolbox for asymmetric synthesis : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Chemistry at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand
(Massey University, 0024-03-07) Tewari, Shashank
This thesis contains total 7 chapters, dealing with the synthesis of planar chiral Oxazolines based on [2.2]paracyclophane, enantiopure products obtained from their resolution, synthesis of metal-based chiral complexes, studies on C-H activation field, namely selective remote β-C-H activation of cyclic amines, and future ideas towards the goal. As the main focus of this thesis is on the development of novel planar chiral [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives, Chapter 1 starts with a brief description of [2.2]paracyclophane chemistry. A short introduction about the synthesis of key enantioenriched [2.2]paracyclophane derivatives is given. Finally, a short introduction of the recent applications of [2.2]paracyclophane-based ligands in asymmetric catalysis is also mentioned. Chapter 2 outlines a brief overview of the role of 2-oxazolines. 2-Oxazolines have been utilized in the field of asymmetric catalysis as ligands and chiral auxiliaries. The chapter briefly discusses the synthesis and highlights some of the uses of 2-oxazolines as chiral ligands. Chapter 3 describes the concise synthesis of planar chiral oxazolines based on [2.2]paracyclophanes. Various oxazoline-based compounds that were synthesized are all discussed in Chapter 3. The synthesis of mono-oxazolines coupled to [2.2]paracyclophanes, based on the methodology developed in our lab was accomplished. The next were the synthesis of bis-oxazolines and tetra-oxazolines coupled to [2.2]paracyclophane. The chapter mentions all the details and substrate scope generated with oxazolines. Chapter 4 focuses on the resolution of [2.2]paracycoplane by the hydrolysis of the oxazolines. The enantiopure products like planar chiral mono-acids, bis-acids, and partial acids were obtained by hydrolysis of the oxazolines. Apart from them, a section in the chapter describes the decarboxylative phosphorylation that was achieved through our planar chiral acids. Synthesis of planar chiral diamines via Curtius rearrangement of the diacids is also described in the chapter, followed by phanol synthesis. A part of the above chapter describes about the rhodium paddle-wheel complex formed by partial chiral acids. An attempt to make dinuclear gold complexes was made that was also successful. Overall, chapter four is the highlight of the thesis, where a lot of pure chiral products are made and their utility is explained in the field of asymmetric catalysis. Chapter 5 describes the remote β-C-H activation of cyclic amines. Attempts were made to accomplish the functionalization through the directing group strategy. The directing groups based on heterocyclic piperidine and cyclic amines were synthesized successfully. These pre-made directing groups were used for the C-H bond functionalization but the functionalization possessed many challenges that made the functionalization difficult. Chapter 6 explains the future scope of the research work mentioned in this thesis. Finally, Chapter 7 describes the experimental procedures and characterization of the synthesized compounds mentioned in Chapters 3 to 5.
The organisation of dairy farming in the Waikato, New Zealand
(1931) Stephens, Frank Burcon
The present study is an attempt to combine a descriptive account of the technical and financial organisation of Waikato Dairy Farms with an analytical discussion of the factors affecting efficient butterfat production. Management is perhaps the greatest need in the Dairying Industry today. While there is evident a "Desire to know" how to overcome the present difficulties, there is still a great deal of attachment to the routine of habit and custom. This fact is frequently lost sight of and the popular descriptions of farming in New Zealand generally err by discussing farming practice in terms of the best farmers. In the present essay an attempt is made to discuss things as they are and to indicate, where possible, the lines on which advance is being made. [From Preface]
An attempt to manufacture Cheddar cheese containing only one type of organism : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requiremets for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science (in Dairy Science) at the University of New Zealand, by Ascend
(Massey University, 1931) Ascend; Neil, William C.
There have been many investigations on the effect of various bacteria on the ripening of hard rennet varieties of cheese. Hucker (1922) in a review of the bacteriological aspects of cheese ripening summaries the position as follows: "As it stands to-day the investigations have closely demonstrated that the breaking down of the insoluble casein compounds is due to enzymes, either natural or bacterial; while characteristic flavors are produced by the action of certain groups of bacteria. (Bacterium casei or coccus group), which depend on the products of B. lactis acidi present in large numbers during the manufature and early ripening stages." The effect of lactic acid bacteria upon the flavour of Cheddar cheese has been studied by Hastings, Evans and Hart (1912), Evans, Hastings and Hart (1914), Evans (1918). Leitch (1923) and Hucker and Marquardt (1926). [From Introduction]
The range in colour of the flowering glume of Cynosurus cristatus L. and its relation to the germination capacity of the seed: thesis, Master of Agricultural Science, Massey Agricultural College
(Massey Agricultural College, 1931) Corkill, L
It is well known that commercial lines of seed of Crested Dogstail often exhibit marked differences in colour, some samples in bulk being canary yellow while others are almost black. There is often great variation within a line in the colour of the individual seeds which may vary from greenish yellow through various shades of yellow, orange, and brown to almost a black colour. In some samples, however, the range in colour is more restricted, such samples naturally exhibiting a more uniform appearance. It is important to understand at the outset the commercial attitude towards the colour of a sample. Until recently the great demand by farmers was for seed of a bright yellow colour, which, although of a lower bushel weight than darker seed, was nevertheless more attractive in appearance. As a general rule the germination was good so that as far as utilisation in New Zealand was concerned this type was satisfactory. General observations have shown that there are distinct differences between plants in regard to the colour of the seeds at comparable stages in growth. It was considered that any data which could throw light on colour development and further facts on its probable utility would be useful. The investigations recorded in Part 1. were carried out with the object of attempting to ascertain whether the darkness in colour of Crested Dogstail seed is due to maturity alone, or whether there are other factors concerned.
Defects of New Zealand wools : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University, New Zealand
(Massey University, 1931) Sidey, D. J.
The following statements give a fairly full account of the various defects found in New Zealand wools. It is somewhat difficult to asses the economic importance of each defect since it has to be remembered that the first essential of wool is that it shall act as a protective covering for [illegible] sheep, and that other factors, for example, the demand for early maturity [illegible] shape of carcase, in the case off the fat lamb, are of more importance than [illegible] the wool produced by the lamb. As already has been pointed out, a wool that through some peculiarity or defect may be unsuitable for one trade may be quite suitable for some other trade, and, in consequence , is not very much penalised in price by reason of its defect. There is, therefore, not much incentive to the producer to eliminate the defect, in fact, in some cases in the past it has paid him to ignore the criticisms and aim at producing maximum weight instead of maintaining a balance between quantity and quality. [From Introduction]
A preliminary ivestigation [i.e. investigation] of some of the habital characters of crested dogstail grass (Cynosurus cristatus), and an attempted evaluation of various lines of crested dogstail
(Massey University, 1931) Thorp, Geoffrey
No abstract. "THE AIMS OF THE INVESTIGATION:- (1) To obtain correlations between the habital characters of Crested Dogstail which may prove of help to breeding work in the future. (2) A preliminary evaluation of various lines of different origin which may be of value in aiding future mass selection."
Studies on the dieback of Lacebarks, Myxosporium hoheria. n.f.sp / by "Assured"
(Massey University, 1932) Atkinson, John Dunstan
The Maori names Houi, Whauwhi and Houhere, or the settlers terms lacebark, and ribbon-wood, cover several species of flowering plants belonging to the order Malvales. These species, which are all indigenous to New Zealand, fall into the genera Hoheria, and Plagianthus, Laing and Blackwell (1927) list the following eight speoiess: Hoheria populnea. Hoheria glabrata. do sexstylosa. do Allanii. do angustifolia. Plagianthus divaricatus. do Lyallii. do betulinus. H.Populnea is found chiefly in the Auckland and North Auckland districts, as a member of the subtropical rain forest, but Laing has recently recorded its occurrence in Karamea. H.sexstylosa occurs throughout both islands as a member of the lowland bush communities. H.angustifolia is typically a South Island plant found in large numbers on Banks penninsula, but is also found in the south of the North Island. H.Lyallii is a deciduous shrub growing in the mountainous districts of the South Island. H. glabrata belongs to the subalpine flora, growing usually in situations where it can obtain abundant light, e.g. recent landslips. Cockayne (1928). H.Allanii is a small leaved shrub recorded from the Rakaia gorge, Canterbury. [From Introduction]
Persistency in crested dogstail : its relation to origin, flowering date, seed colour and germination capacity of New Zealand seed samples : thesis for M. Agr. Sc., by "Asteroid" [F. Sydenham]
(Massey University, 1932) Asteroid
Crested dogstail is a valuable pasture grass, and is sown under a wide range of soil conditions. It is essentially a bottom grass. It is very palatable to sheep and thrives well under conditions of continous close grazing. It does not, however, feature to any large extent in dairying land. It shows very great powers of re-establishment by seeding even under adverse seed-bed conditions, and it is this re-establishment which enables it to persist in a pasture for a number of years. Such re-establishment should not occur each Autumn after the plants have seeded and died or are so low in vitality that they remain only as worthless vestiges. This is a weakness of crested dogstail which it is desirable to eliminate. What it requires is a vigorous turf which will, on the advent of Autumn rains, spring into a highly productive sward vigorous enough to check any inferior grasses or weeds which may attempt to gain a footing. [From Introduction]
A study of some wool-disintegrating bacteria, by "Animal" : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Massey Agricultural College
(Massey University, 1932) Animal; Hursthouse, Katrine Fearon
The purpose of this thesis is the isolation and study of the bacteria that ret the wool of living sheep in New Zealand, the study of the distribution of wool-retting bacteria and of some of the conditions in which they bring about decay. It is also desired to show what effect; the wool retting bacteria have upon the hoof of sheep - a substance which like wool, consists largely of keratin - and what effect the hoof rotting bacteria have upon wool. [From Purpose and scope of thesis]
An introduction to the study of skeletal correlations in the N.Z. Romney Marsh : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Animal Husbandry / by "Chirp"
(Massey University, 1934) Chirp; Lamont, Norman
When this work was undertaken it was quite impossible to have anticipated the difficulties that were encountered. It soon became apparent however, that the approach to a new study involved a great deal of work of a collateral nature, having little direct bearing on the actual object of the investigation. In particular it was necessary to become generally familiar with certain branches of statistical method and to become very fully acquainted with the real signigifance of certain mathematical devices. Statistical studies consumed the greater proportion of the time available for this work with the result that only a portion of the information contained in the data could be extracted. Indeed, a complete analysis of the data collected and recorded, using the methods evolved in this paper, would itself involve many months' work. However, since the development of the analytical methodology has no direct bearing on the subject of skeletal correlations the paper has been divided into two parts. Part 1 deals with the measurements made and the interpretation and discussion of the correlation coefficients that were calculated. In Part 11 has been collected, all those considerations which were essentially incidental to the investigation - that is, selection of material technique of measuring etc. and in particular, the discovery of appropriate analytical devices for treating the data. [From Foreword]
An ecological study of rushes in pasture : the species observed, the environment and the influence of management in rush control: a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Massey University
(Massey University, 1934) Merry, D. M. E ("Cider")
The Dominion of New Zealand is dependent on its primary products. There is no need to statistically prove this fact, it is obvious to anyone who troubles to read and think. The marketable value of the Dominion's Dairy Produce, Wool and Frozen Meat, largely determines the economic welfare of the Country. The significant feature is that these primary products are all of grassland origin. Home Consumption of primary products is limited, and the prosperity of the Dominion depends almost entirely on its exportable balance. Attractive markets are distant and competition keen. The marketing of Dominion products suffers disability through distance and transportation, but this is compensated largely by natural climatic advantages, the climate being exceedingly mild and equable, so that de-pasturing of stock may be continued throughout the year on grassland, or with the assistance of supplements of hay and ensilage conserved in springtime from surplus grass growths. It is vitally important that the greatest care and attention should be devoted to maintaining clean and nourishing pasture if increased productivity and incidentally prosperity is to result.
The structure of the wool follicle with special reference to the growth and form of the fibre
(Massey University, 1935) Rudall, K . M.
n/a
Hauturu, or, Little Barrier : its history, geology and botany : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University
(Massey University, 1936) Hamilton "Chef", William Maxwell
This thesis is a preliminary attempt to draw together the strands of information available regarding the Little Barrier Island with particular reference to the forest covering of the island. While certain sections such as that dealing with the history of the island may appear to have little reference to the botanical aspect, it was found that the influence of human occupation on the vegetation had been not inconsiderable and it was necessary to collect such information in order to form a clear conception of its possible influence. In the same way the geology, soils and climate of the island were found to have a definite place in the description of the forest covering, the distribution of plant species on the island and their relation to the general distribution of plant forms in the region of the Hauraki Gulf. [From Foreword]
An investigation into some problems connected with inbreeding in lucerne (Medicago sativa) : being the results from work for a thesis for honours in Field Husbandry (M. Agr. Sc.)
(Massey University, 1936) Driver, Charles Malcolm
Luceme as a crop has been known for thousands of years. As far back as the history of man goes it was used in Central Asia, being the oldest plant oultivated for forage alone. It was prized by the Medians, Grecians and Romans, the Romans carrying seed with them to establish at their military bases. Where known in England in tbe 15th century, it was highly prized but was not widely known till the 17th century. It was introduced to Germany in the 16th century and America in the 19th century. Much improvement has taken place through the centuries with the result that a good variety, suited to the locality and well managed, will give a heavy yield of green herbage, when compared with the yield from pasture. This herbage is produced in the main during summer periods when it is used tor the supplementary feeding of cattle and sheep, and for the production of hay and silage.
An investigation of methods for the estimation of medullation in wool samples : a thesis submitted concerning subsection (e), 608, of the animal husbandry section for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University, by "Choir"
(Massey University, 1937) Choir; McMahon, Patrick Reginald
In studies of medullation in New Zealand wools the need for an accurate and rapid technique capable of giving a numerical index for the medullation of a sample of wool early became apparent. The matter was complicated by the fact that medullation can only be detected by hand and eye when it exceeds a certain coarseness, and to meet this difficulty the Benzel Test for the detection of hairness was developed by Elphick. (1932) The quantitive application of the test has proved difficult; in discussing the evaluation of the medullation revealed Elphick has pointed out that there are three factors which must be considered. (1) The average diameter of medulla. (2) The percentage of fibres medullated. (3) The average distance down the fibres which medullation extends. In order to arrive at an empirical index be estimated by eye the average percentage of fibres medullated over the staple, and weighted the result arbitrarily according to the type of medulla. [From Introduction]
A preliminary investigation into the root systems of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and white clover (Trifolium repens) using a prescribed sampling method for the study
(Massey University, 1939) Hopewell, H G
The roots of' plants are the least known, least understood and least appreciated part of the plant." Weaver end Bruner. The fundamental importance of an extensive, well developed and healthy root system cannot be over emphasised. It must hold the plant firmly in the ground, provide a large effective absorptive area through which ample nutrients will become available for growth, and, by penetrating deeply, or by building up reserves, it must protect plant against the exigencies of a dry season. The study of the roots then, important as they are, would appear to have been unduly neglected when one considers the amount of research carried out using as a basis some above ground feature of the plant. In this connection W.F. Loehwing ( 1) may be quoted - "As one surveys the monumental literature dealing with crop production, the small fraction thereof devoted to roots and the absorption processes seems entirely out of prorortion to their importance. [From Introduction]
Selection in dairy cattle in New Zealand : a dissertation
(Massey University, 1939) Gilmer, H G
Selection is not, in itself, generally believed to be a creative process. Ideally, it is a means by which the good, bad and indifferent elements comprising a given population are identified and classified. As such, selection is necessarily fundamental to any breeding system, whether the aim is consistent improvement or merely the maintenance of advances already achieved. Without some differentiation of the material, no firm basis can be established upon which to carry out further work. The fact that in dairy cattle breeding in particular, it is seldom possible, where characteristics of economic importance are concerned, to conduct an intimate inquiry into the different genetic elements comprising the given subject with any degree of certainty, should not be permitted to detract from the value of preliminary selection as a foundation for more comprehensive determination of worth. With such "aids to selection" as progeny tests, production records, pedigree estimates and type valuations, a fairly accurate estimate of hereditaty constitution can frequently be arrired at in so far as it affects the functions of economic value. The mode of operation of inheritance is now known in considerable detail and the breeders pursuing a broad programme of improvement may "act as if he knew the genes themselves" and make selections accordingly.
Inheritance of growth habit and calyx marking in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum Linn.) : thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at the University of New Zealand, by "Bulk"
(Massey University, 1939) Bulk; Lambert, James Pickford
Subterranean clover is an annual legume which perpetuates itself in pasture by reseeding. After flowering the peduncle turns downward, and the head enters the soil. From this habit the common and specific names have been derived. The original home of the species is stated to be Southern Europe, Western Asia to India and North Africa (Cheeseman 1925). An account of the accidental introduction of the species into Australia gives the period as 1880-1890 (Gardner & Dunne, 1933). From there, probably, it spread to New Zealand. Though the actual time of its arrival cannot be stated, it was recorded by Cheeseman in 1906 near Auckland, where for many years it has been known as "Mangere" clover. [From Introduction]
A study of the plateau array : thesis concerning subsection (e), 608 of the Animal Husbandry Section of the Master of Agricultural Science Degree and incorporating work carried out during the tenure of the Farmers' Union Research Scholarship and the Shell Scholarship1938
(Massey University, 1939) Sutherland, J. A. (James Alan)
A brief historical survey of the work leading up to the present study. The world sheep population is in the vicinity of seven hundred millions and the vast majority of these animals are kept, to a greater or a lesser degree, for their wool. It is, therefore, not surprising that Wool Research is by no means new. The production of sheep for their coat has been, as Barker points out ( 1), of importance since Biblical times and, although during the last epoch, with the perfection of methods for meat preservation, the importance of wool to the sheep industry has decreased, the need for wool research has been increased by the ever growing perfection of synthetic fibres. Wool research as such can possibly be dated from Dr. Hook who, in 1664, presented a paper to the Royal Society on the subject of wool and hair structure, but it was not until the advent of the compound microscope that the study of wool gained sufficient precision for measurements to be made. Such measurements opened the door for the wool physicist who, by the application of x-rays and other physical methods, has been able to explore with considerable success the ultimate structure of wool and hair. The value of wool has been determined, at least partially, by its length and thickness (or width), and thus measurements of wool in three dimensions have been important sections of wool research. As other valuable characters were recognised and evaluated they also were measured and correlations worked out. Thus it has come about that wool research has collected about itself innumerable patient measurements - measurements that have often merely evidenced the complexity of the fleece of the sheep as a subject of research.
Studies of the coat of the Romney lamb : practical and theoretical aspects of hair morphology, with special reference to the evolution of the fleece : thesis submitted by "Bourn" [for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science]
(Massey University, 1940) Goot, Henry
The original purpose of the present thesis was to answer this question: "To what extent is a britch of high halo-hair abundance an indicator of the non-kemp hairiness of the fleece?" It was assumed by Dr Dry in the light of earlier observations, that, on a britch with very many halo-hairs, the large Curly Tip fibres would be very hairy, and this has proved to be so. Especially did we want to learn about the degree of hairiness on the part of the fleece near to the britch. The gradient over the body from the britch was also much in mind, all the more because the boundary between the area on the britch with very many halo hairs and the neighbouring region with far fewer halo hairs is often abrupt. The aim of the work was that just defined, but the analysis of the samples examined provided information on a number of other matters, several of which may be thought more interesting than the problem proposed at the outset. These various results are reported in this thesis.

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