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A 0.8 fructose:maltodextrin ratio enhances endurance performance and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Exercise and Sport Science at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2011) O'Brien, Wendy Jean
Introduction: A ratio of fructose to glucose/maltodextrin of approximately 0.8 in a carbohydrateelectrolyte solution ingested during endurance exercise was recently seen to substantially increase exogenous-carbohydrate oxidation, gut comfort and performance. However, it remains to be determined if the apparent fructose:glucose ratio optima is robust when the possible confounders of differences in solution osmolality and carbohydrate concentration are removed from consideration via clamping, and if the 0.8 ratio also promotes faster fluid absorption. Methods: In a randomised double-blind crossover, 12 male cyclists rode 2 h at 57.5% peak power, then performed 10 repeated-maximal-sprints, while ingesting artificially sweetened water or one of three isomotic 11.25% carbohydrate-salt solutions at 800 mL·h-1, comprising fructose and, maltodextrin/glucose, at the respective mean rates (g·min-1): 1.0, 0.5 (0.5-Ratio); 0.67, 0.83 (0.8- Ratio); 0.83, 0.67 (1.25-Ratio). Each solution was also spiked with 5 g D2O at 30 min into the 2-h preload. 14C-enriched fructose and naturally 13C-enriched maltodextrin/glucose permitted fructose and glucose oxidation rate evaluation by liquid scintillation and mass spectrometry, respectively, and indirect calorimetry. Results: Mean exogenous-fructose and mean exogenous-glucose oxidation rates were 0.27 (SD%, 46), 0.39 (56) and 0.46 g·min-1 (53), and 0.65 (30), 0.71(14) and 0.58 (28) g·min-1 in 0.5-, 0.8- and 1.25-Ratio, respectively; representing oxidation efficiencies (%) for fructose of 56 (12), 60 (7) and 56 (10), for glucose of 67 (16), 86 (11) and 89 (21), and for total exogenous-carbohydrate of 70 (9), 74 (6) and 64 (9), respectively. Relative to 0.5- and 1.25-Ratios, total exogenous-carbohydrate oxidation rate with 0.8-Ratio was very likely 6.4% (90% confidence limits; ±3.1%) and almost certainly 12.7% (±2.6%) higher, respectively, while respective differences in total-exogenous carbohydrate oxidation efficiency was 4.1±1.8% and 8.8 ±1.9%. Endogenous-carbohydrate oxidation with 1.25-Ratio was very likely higher relative to 0.5- and 0.8-Ratio conditions (31.3%; ±26.6% and 37.3%; ±27.8%, respectively) but comparisons of fat and total-carbohydrate oxidation rates were unclear among carbohydrate solutions. Mean sprint power with 0.8-Ratio was moderately higher than 0.5-Ratio (2.9%; 99% confidence limits ±2.8%) and 1.25-Ratio (3.1%; ±2.7%), and almost certainly higher than Water (11.9%; ±3.0%); repeated-sprint fatigue (slope) was possibly attenuated with 0.8-Ratio compared to 0.5- and 1.25-Ratio (2.1%; ±5.7% and 1.7%; ±5.5%, respectively). Blood D2O enrichment differences were possibly small or inconclusive among all solutions. Differences in gastrointestinal comfort during the 2-h ride were trivial/unclear among the carbohydrate conditions, however, increases in abdominal cramping were likely greater with 0.8-Ratio during the performance test. CHO ratio on CHO metabolism and performance Conclusions: Substantial enhancement of endurance performance results from ingestion of 0.8 ratio fructose:maltodextrin/glucose solutions, which is associated with increased exogenous-carbohydrate oxidation efficiency driven largely by a greater contribution from exogenous-fructose oxidation. Further research is required to determine the effect on fluid absorption and the physiological site responsible for the 0.8 ratio effect.
0027: the EU : an international agent in Palestine? : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in Politics at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2009) Lyons, Katherine
This thesis examines the ability of the European Union (EU) to impact on the Palestinian people and their institutions. Before using the formal concept of actorness to examine the extent of this impact, it presents a model of actorness that synthesises aspects of Bretherton and Vogler’s and Sjösjedt’s models. It uses the components of this model as a series of lenses through which to focus on and examine various facets of the EU’s influence. The analysis deals with diplomacy, aid, and the effects of the unexpected Hamas victory in the 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) elections. The thesis finds that the EU’s early lack of diplomatic direction improved for a period but was limited by its consistent inability to have an effect if it ignored the US. In the field of aid, the EU has been a more successful actor. However, the EU’s best efforts in these spheres have been undone by two EU blunders. First, it classified Hamas as a terrorist organisation and subsequently felt unable to provide aid to a Hamas-run government. Second it joined the Quartet in the hope of increasing its own diplomatic clout, but found that it had given the US the opportunity to erode its ability to act as an independent financial agent.
1. Introduction
(Pod Uni podcast, 2021-03-01) Bjork C
Producer-host Dr Collin Bjork introduces you to Pod Uni - the podcast about podcasting. Learn how to make your own podcast and how to think critically about the podcasts that we listen to.
11 views of Auckland: Soft-boiled in Ponsonby: The topographies of murder in the crime fiction of Charlotte Grimshaw and Alix Bosco
(School of Social and Cultural Studies, Massey University, Albany, 2010) Lawn J
11 Views of Auckland stresses a multidisciplinary approach to this most multicultural of New Zealand cities. The serendipitious - complementary rather than contradictory - way the various essays have grouped themselves according to themes during the editing process accents another virtue we've come to value highly during all our years of working together on this clean green suburban campus: collegiality
16S ribosomal DNA probes for the detection and enumeration of proteolytic rumen bacteria :|ba thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Molecular Biology at Massey University
(Massey University, 1999) Reilly, Kerri
Bacterial degradation of protein causes inefficient nitrogen retention in New Zealand ruminants. The 16S rRNA genes of a Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens-like strain and three Streptococcus bovis strains, isolated from New Zealand cattle were sequenced to further characterise these isolates. Based on 16S rDNA analysis the B. fibrisolvens-like isolate was classified as Clostridium proteoclasticum, while the three S. bovis isolates were confirmed as S. bovis strains. In the absence of selective media for enumeration of these bacteria, a competitive PCR (cPCR) approach was developed for enumeration of these bacteria from rumen samples. PCR primers were designed to variable regions within the 16S ribosomal RNA genes of both S. bovis and C. proteoclasticum. These primers were used in conjunction with the universal forward primer fD1*, to allow amplification of 16S rDNA fragments from these organisms. DNA database searches revealed that the B316 830 primer sequence was present in four B. fibrisolvens strains. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences indicated that these B. fibrisolvens strains are closely related to C. proteoclasticum and that the B316 830 primer circumscribes these five strains.. The B315 454 primer sequence was found in the 16S rDNA of 10 Streptococcus species. Primer specificity was tested in amplification reactions with DNA extracted from 85 bacterial isolates, mainly of rumen origin. The C. proteoclasticum primer B316 830 and fD1* produced a specific PCR product from C. proteoclasticum DNA only, while the S. bovis primer B315 454 and fD1* gave specific PCR product from DNA of all strains of S. bovis tested but from no other rumen bacterium. An internal control was developed for both S. bovis and C. proteoclasticum to use in cPCR reactions for quantitation. Standard curves were constructed relating the PCR product intensity of target DNA extracted from a known number of cells and the intensity of internal control DNA PCR product. The standard curves were used to quantitate populations of S. bovis and C. proteoclasticum in rumen samples collected from eight dairy cows fed a rotation of four diets. Populations detected ranged from 2 x 106 to 2.8 x 107 for C. proteoclasticum and 1.7 x 107 to 1.3 x 108 for S. bovis. Diet had no significant effect on the populations of either of these proteolytic bacteria.
1888 – the media representation of the Whitechapel murder victims : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University
(Massey University, 2023) London, Victoria
This thesis aims to answer two questions about the victims of Jack the Ripper. First, how were the victims of this murderer portrayed by their contemporary media and the police who worked the case. Second, it seeks to assess the literary legacy of Jack the Ripper, often referred to as ‘Ripperology’ and how it has evolved over time. This will bring together and analyse the field of research that has grown up around the female victims: Martha Tabram, Mary Ann “Polly” Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elisabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes and Mary Jane Kelly, and the media surrounding their killing by Jack the Ripper.
18O isotopic labelling and soil water content fluctuations validate the hydraulic lift phenomena for C3 grass species in drought conditions
(Elsevier B.V., 2024-02-29) Oliveira BA; López IF; Cranston LM; Kemp PD; Donaghy DJ; Dörner J; López-Villalobos N; García-Favre J; Ordóñez IP; Van Hale R
Hydraulic lift is a functional characteristic observed in some plant species, often associated with their ability to withstand drought conditions. It involves capturing water from deep soil layers and redistributing it to shallower soil layers through the plant's roots. Bromus valdivianus Phil., Dactylis glomerata L., and Lolium perenne L. may perform hydraulic lift at varying rates. Using both direct (isotopic labelling - δ18O) and indirect (soil water content sensors) techniques, the study assessed and validated the hydraulic lift under extreme drought conditions on the soil top layer (below permanent wilting point), maintaining the bottom layer at high (20–25% filed capacity [FC]) and low (80–85% FC) levels of soil water restriction. Above- and below-ground biomass growth and morpho-physiological responses were evaluated. All species displayed some degree of hydraulic lift, with significant differences observed in the isotopic analysis and soil water content (p > 0.05). This illustrates that water was redistributed from the deep to shallower soil layer and validates that the hydraulic lift phenomenon is occurring in these C3 grasses. Bromus valdivianus presented the highest δ18O values (25.05‰) and highest increases in soil water content (µ=0.00626 m3 m−3; five events). Bromus valdivianus had a dry matter ratio of approximately 4:1 (0–20cm:20–40 cm). In contrast, L. perenne and D. glomerata had approximately 6:1 and 5:1, respectively. This difference in root morphology may explain the higher rate of hydraulic lift observed in B. valdivianus relative to L. perenne and D. glomerata. This paper validates the occurrence and provides initial insights into the hydraulic lift process occurrence of temperature grass species.
The 19-hydroxylation of cortexolone by the fungus Pellicularia filamentosa : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biotechnology at Massey University
(Massey University, 1982) Clark, Thomas Alan
The microbiological 19-hydroxylation of steroids was studied to investigate the feasibility of a microbial process to produce 19-hydroxysteroids. These are important precursors of the valuable 19-norsteroids. At present, in industrial processes, 19-hydroxylation is performed by chemical synthesis. Fungi, selected from the genera Pestalotia (25 strains) and Pellicularia (5 strains), were screened for their steroid-hydroxylating activities. Thus, hydroxylation of the substrates progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, and cortexolone (17α ,21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione) was studied. Of the organisms tested, only Pellicularia filamentosa f.sp. microsclerotia IFO 6298 and Pellicularia filamentosa f.sp. sasakii IFO 5254 were found to perform 19-hydroxylation. Thus, both fungi could produce 19-hydroxycortexolone from cortexolone, with the former organism the more active in this respect-Hydrocortisone (11β-hydroxycortexolone) was also produced by both organisms. Neither organism, however, could similarly hydroxylate progesterone nor 4-androstehe-3,17-dione. With these substrates, products other than the 19-hydroxylated derivatives were formed. Thus a degree of substrate specificity was recognised for steroidal-19-hydroxylation by these fungi. None of the Pestalotia species tested could 19-hydroxylate any of the three substrates, despite claims in the literature, but instead were very active in 11 α -hydroxylation. In particular, many species were able to 11 α-hydroxylate progesterone (0.5 g/l concentration) in greater than 90% (w/w) yield. Using P. filamentosa f.sp. microsclerotia IFO 6298, in batch fermentation, at a cortexolone concentration of 0.5 g/l yields of 19- and 11β-hydroxycortexolone totalled approximately 40% (w/w) of the consumed substrate. The ratio of the two products, typically, was approximately 1.2:1 (19:11β). Only small variations in this ratio were ever observed. The steroid losses which were observed did not proceed via the hydroxy products as intermediates, but via a degradation pathway, from cortexolone, parallel to the hydroxylation reactions. The 11β- and 19-hydroxylase enzyme-system of P. filamentosa f.sp. microsclerotia IFO 6298 was shown to be inducible by cortexolone. By using the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, in fermenter culture the effects of dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) on enzyme induction and enzyme expression were separately investigated. For both hydroxylations, an optimum DOT for induction was shown at 15% of saturation, while the optimum for expression is at 30% of saturation. Thus, maximum rates of hydroxylation were achieved when induction was performed at low DOT, followed by elevation to ensure maximum expression. The effects of specific glucose consumption rate and specific growth rate were investigated using chemostat cultures, under automatic DOT control (at 30% of saturation). At a constant specific growth rate, the importance of glucose metabolism to the hydroxylation process was demonstrated. Thus, with glucose-limited cultures, decreasing specific hydroxylation rates were observed with decreasing specific glucose consumption rates, possibly as a result of the restricted availability of NADPH, which is required for hydroxylation to occur. Conversely, with nitrogen-limited cultures, it was observed that the hydroxylase system is subject to glucose repression. Thus, with high specific glucose consumption rates, cultures showed low levels of hydroxylation activity. Maximum activity was obtained at a point, which apparently represents a balance between sufficient glucose metabolism to maintain full expression of activity and a condition of excess glucose uptake resulting in repression of activity. This finding may be of considerable significance for fungal steroid-hydroxylation processes in general, since relief of repression, when it exists, could give several-fold increases in specific hydroxylation rates as observed in this study. Over the range of specific growth rates studied (0.028 h-l to 0.119 h-l) no significant effect on specific hydroxylation rates was observed.
1917: 90 years On - Masterpiece to Massacre: the New Zealand Division and three battles
(2009-10-11T22:27:03Z) Harper, Glyn
1942, the Pacific War, and the defence of New Zealand : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Defence and Strategic Studies at Massey University, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2016) Wilkins, Peter C
During 1941-1942 New Zealand expended vast amounts of capital and labour building in-depth defences against the perceived invasion threat from Japan that today is often regarded, especially by academic historians, as non-existent. This thesis looks closely at the background of such a Japanese threat and the subsequent realities. It examines the failures of the existing, indeed traditional political alliance with the British ‘family of nations’ and its associated myths against the Realpolitik of New Zealand’s enforced absorption into the new American power block. The origins of today’s opinions are teased out to examine their realities and the drivers of the New Zealand government’s actions at the time are reviewed. These actions along with the experience, perceptions and, above all, the circumstantial knowledge that formed the opinions drove the decisions to act are established. The conclusion of this thesis is the threat to New Zealand of being raided, isolated, even possibly invaded, was geopolitically and militarily real at the time. The margins by which any of these possibilities were avoided were narrow.
The 1960 Fiji sugar dispute : the cane growers versus the CSR Company : a thesis presented ... for the degree of Master of Arts in History
(Massey University, 1970) Charan, Prem K
Sugar is Fiji's chief export and accounts for over eighty per cent of its total export earnings. The set up of the Fijian sugar industry is perhaps unique in the world. The buying and processing of cane as well as the distribution of sugar up until 1962 were entirely in the hands of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (usually referred to as the CSR or the Company) of Australia. The Company was also the owner or lessee of nearly half of the colony's total cane lands which were leased or sub-leased to over 5,200 small Indian tenant farmers. In its milling operations and transport network the CSR employed over 2,500 workers. Thus the CSR enjoyed a monopoly in the manufacture and distribution of sugar as well as holding an oligopoly as far as control of cane lands was concerned. From this strong position it could deal with the cane farmers successfully over matters such as cane payments to the farmers or conditions regarding harvesting and transporting of cane to its mills. If the cane growers failed to reach a favourable agreement with the CSR over the sale and purchase of cane they were faced with the unenviable position of having in hand a commercial crop with no buyers. The growers' position was aggravated by the fact that the cane crop deteriorated if it was not harvested in season and further it remained at the mercy of floods, hurricanes, droughts or even fires which were not uncommon occurences in the sugar districts. The livelihood of over 80 percent of the Indian farmers depended solely upon the income derived from the sales of sugar cane which brought by far the biggest return of any other crop. Sugar cane growing thus dominated the farming activities of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu's western coastal plains, the only plains large enough for extensive agricultural use.
The 1981 Springbok Tour and the anti-apartheid movement in Palmerston North : a research exercise completed in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Batchelor of Arts with Honours at Massey University
(Massey University, 2000) Kaandorp, Geoff
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1:1 : (manifestoes for a theatre of matter) : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree of Masters in Design at Massey University
(Massey University, 2005) Trubridge, Sam
This thesis revisits the manifestos of Twentieth Century theatre makers in order to establish a manifesto for performance design in the Twenty-First Century. It proposes that a material theatre is necessary in order to re-sensitise its audience and counter the 'de-realisation' that has infected and desensitised popular notions of war and global trauma. At the beginning of this new century there are new crises to mirror those that Antonin Artaud, Tadeusz Kantor, Peter Brook, and Jerzy Grotowski responded to in their own theatre and writings. With reference to the work of these artists this manifesto will construct an argument and rationale for 'The Theatre of Matter': a visual and spatial language for performance that affirms and implicates the material bodies of audience, performer, and space. By this design performance can become a complicit setting: the place of cruelty, ritual, realisation, and restoration that Helene Cixous calls "the place of crime and place of pardon" (Drain, 1995, p.340). Research through two realised productions of 'The Restaurant of Many Orders', reflection upon these productions, and conceptual drawings will make it possible to challenge and review the manifesto; thus setting it into motion within a practical framework.
2. Karakia
(Pod Uni podcast, 2021-03-01) Bjork C
Producer-host Dr Collin Bjork recites this Māori karakia and explains how it connects to notions of writing that are important for podcasting.
20 years later: unravelling the genomic success of New Zealand’s home-grown AK3 community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
(Microbiology Society, 2025-07-25) White RT; Bakker S; Bloomfield M; Burton M; Elvy J; Eustace A; French NP; Grant J; Greening SS; Grinberg A; Harland C; Hutton S; Karkaba A; Martin J; Matthews B; Miller H; Straub C; Tarring C; Taylor WT; Ussher J; Velasco C; Voss EM; Dyet K
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represents a significant public health challenge. In New Zealand, the community-associated MRSA sequence type (ST)5, carrying the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV genetic element (which confers methicillin resistance), has been predominant since its detection in 2005. Known informally as the AK3 strain, it also exhibits resistance to fusidic acid. Here, we investigated the genomic evolution of the AK3 strain by analysing 397 genomes, comprising 361 MRSA and 36 closely related methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) genomes, including 285 recently sequenced isolates from New Zealand spanning 2020 (n=30), 2021 (n=77), 2022 (n=88), 2023 (n=73) and 2024 (n=17). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the AK3 strain evolved through stepwise acquisition of mobile genetic elements, with an MSSA ancestor likely introduced to New Zealand in the late 1970s. The lineage first acquired a SaPITokyo12571-like pathogenicity island, which contains the staphylococcal enterotoxin C bovine variant (sec-bov) and an enterotoxin-like protein (sel), between 1984 and 1991. This was followed by the integration of SCCmec type IV and adjacent fusidic acid resistance operon between 1997 and 2000. This timing coincides with increased community fusidic acid use in New Zealand. The AK3 strain then diversified into three major clades, spreading throughout New Zealand and Australia, with sporadic detection in European countries and Samoa. Our findings demonstrate how the sequential acquisition of mobile genetic elements, combined with antibiotic selection pressure, likely contributed to the successful emergence of AK3 and its spread in the South Pacific region.
20.08.14 Kane, Popular Memory and Gender in Medieval England
(The Medieval Studies Institute, 2020-08) McVitty EA
2015 Costs estimates of producing fresh and processing potatoes in Washington
(Washington State University Extension, 2016) Galinato SP; Tozer PR
2021 Assessment of New Zealand district health boards' institutional healthy food and drink policies: the HealthY Policy Evaluation (HYPE) study
(Pasifika Medical Association Group (PMAG), 2022-08-19) Gerritsen S; Kidd B; Rosin M; Shen S; Mackay S; Te Morenga L; Mhurchu CN
AIM: To assess adoption of the voluntary National Healthy Food and Drink Policy (NHFDP) and the alignment of individual institutional healthy food and drink policies with the NHFDP. METHOD: All 20 district health boards (DHBs) and two national government agencies participated. Policies of those organisations that had not fully adopted the NHFDP were assessed across three domains: nutrition standards; promotion of a healthy food and beverages environment; and policy communication, implementation and evaluation. Three weighted domain scores out of 10, and a total score out of 30 were calculated. RESULTS: Nine of the 22 organisations reported adopting the NHFDP in full. Of the remaining 13, six referred to the NHFDP when developing their institutional policy and three were working toward full adoption of the NHFDP. Mean scores (SD) were 8.7 (1.0), 6.1 (2.6) and 3.8 (2.2) for the three domains, and 18.6 (4.8) in total. Most individual institutional policies were not as comprehensive as the NHFDP. However, some contained stricter/additional clauses that would be useful to incorporate into the NHFDP. CONCLUSION: Since a similar policy analysis in 2018, most DHBs have adopted the NHFDP and/or strengthened their own nutrition policies. Regional inconsistency remains and a uniform mandatory NHFDP should be implemented that incorporates improvements identified in individual institutional policies.
2nd Aviation Education and Research Symposium: “Contemporary Issues in Aviation Education and Research”
(Massey University, 2010-07) Pérezgonzález, Jose D.
Massey University School of Aviation is pleased to announce the second Aviation Education and Research Symposium to be held at Palmerston North on 28-29 July 2010, in conjunction with the Aviation Industry Association of New Zealand and Royal Aeronautical Society, New Zealand. This event is intended as a forum for disseminating research and discussing current issues in aviation, with an emphasis on bridging theory and practice. It will present an opportunity for "a meeting of the minds" for academics and practitioners in the aviation industry. The theme for this symposium "Contemporary Issues in Aviation Education and Research" is broad to encourage a greater spectrum of submissions encompassing aviation psychology, education, technology, training, and the economic aspects of the industry. We are delighted at the interest generated and the range of papers received from Australia and New Zealand. The conference papers have been classified into five sessions, with ‘Aviation Psychology’ and ‘Aviation Education’ on the first day, followed by ‘Commercial Aspects of Aviation’, ‘Aviation Technology’ and ‘Training for new technology - the man-machine interface’ on the second day. We welcome delegates to attend, participate and share information on the latest developments in the industry.
3. Mics & Sounds
(Pod Uni podcast, 2021-03-01) Bjork C
Producer-host Dr Collin Bjork introduces you to 3 types of microphones you might use (shotgun, cardioid, and omnidirectional) and 3 types of nonhuman sounds you might gather in the field (room tones, ambient sounds, and characteristic sound effects).