Theses and Dissertations

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A 0.8 fructose:maltodextrin ratio enhances endurance performance and exogenous carbohydrate oxidation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Exercise and Sport Science at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2011) O'Brien, Wendy Jean
Introduction: A ratio of fructose to glucose/maltodextrin of approximately 0.8 in a carbohydrateelectrolyte solution ingested during endurance exercise was recently seen to substantially increase exogenous-carbohydrate oxidation, gut comfort and performance. However, it remains to be determined if the apparent fructose:glucose ratio optima is robust when the possible confounders of differences in solution osmolality and carbohydrate concentration are removed from consideration via clamping, and if the 0.8 ratio also promotes faster fluid absorption. Methods: In a randomised double-blind crossover, 12 male cyclists rode 2 h at 57.5% peak power, then performed 10 repeated-maximal-sprints, while ingesting artificially sweetened water or one of three isomotic 11.25% carbohydrate-salt solutions at 800 mL·h-1, comprising fructose and, maltodextrin/glucose, at the respective mean rates (g·min-1): 1.0, 0.5 (0.5-Ratio); 0.67, 0.83 (0.8- Ratio); 0.83, 0.67 (1.25-Ratio). Each solution was also spiked with 5 g D2O at 30 min into the 2-h preload. 14C-enriched fructose and naturally 13C-enriched maltodextrin/glucose permitted fructose and glucose oxidation rate evaluation by liquid scintillation and mass spectrometry, respectively, and indirect calorimetry. Results: Mean exogenous-fructose and mean exogenous-glucose oxidation rates were 0.27 (SD%, 46), 0.39 (56) and 0.46 g·min-1 (53), and 0.65 (30), 0.71(14) and 0.58 (28) g·min-1 in 0.5-, 0.8- and 1.25-Ratio, respectively; representing oxidation efficiencies (%) for fructose of 56 (12), 60 (7) and 56 (10), for glucose of 67 (16), 86 (11) and 89 (21), and for total exogenous-carbohydrate of 70 (9), 74 (6) and 64 (9), respectively. Relative to 0.5- and 1.25-Ratios, total exogenous-carbohydrate oxidation rate with 0.8-Ratio was very likely 6.4% (90% confidence limits; ±3.1%) and almost certainly 12.7% (±2.6%) higher, respectively, while respective differences in total-exogenous carbohydrate oxidation efficiency was 4.1±1.8% and 8.8 ±1.9%. Endogenous-carbohydrate oxidation with 1.25-Ratio was very likely higher relative to 0.5- and 0.8-Ratio conditions (31.3%; ±26.6% and 37.3%; ±27.8%, respectively) but comparisons of fat and total-carbohydrate oxidation rates were unclear among carbohydrate solutions. Mean sprint power with 0.8-Ratio was moderately higher than 0.5-Ratio (2.9%; 99% confidence limits ±2.8%) and 1.25-Ratio (3.1%; ±2.7%), and almost certainly higher than Water (11.9%; ±3.0%); repeated-sprint fatigue (slope) was possibly attenuated with 0.8-Ratio compared to 0.5- and 1.25-Ratio (2.1%; ±5.7% and 1.7%; ±5.5%, respectively). Blood D2O enrichment differences were possibly small or inconclusive among all solutions. Differences in gastrointestinal comfort during the 2-h ride were trivial/unclear among the carbohydrate conditions, however, increases in abdominal cramping were likely greater with 0.8-Ratio during the performance test. CHO ratio on CHO metabolism and performance Conclusions: Substantial enhancement of endurance performance results from ingestion of 0.8 ratio fructose:maltodextrin/glucose solutions, which is associated with increased exogenous-carbohydrate oxidation efficiency driven largely by a greater contribution from exogenous-fructose oxidation. Further research is required to determine the effect on fluid absorption and the physiological site responsible for the 0.8 ratio effect.
0027: the EU : an international agent in Palestine? : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts in Politics at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2009) Lyons, Katherine
This thesis examines the ability of the European Union (EU) to impact on the Palestinian people and their institutions. Before using the formal concept of actorness to examine the extent of this impact, it presents a model of actorness that synthesises aspects of Bretherton and Vogler’s and Sjösjedt’s models. It uses the components of this model as a series of lenses through which to focus on and examine various facets of the EU’s influence. The analysis deals with diplomacy, aid, and the effects of the unexpected Hamas victory in the 2006 Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) elections. The thesis finds that the EU’s early lack of diplomatic direction improved for a period but was limited by its consistent inability to have an effect if it ignored the US. In the field of aid, the EU has been a more successful actor. However, the EU’s best efforts in these spheres have been undone by two EU blunders. First, it classified Hamas as a terrorist organisation and subsequently felt unable to provide aid to a Hamas-run government. Second it joined the Quartet in the hope of increasing its own diplomatic clout, but found that it had given the US the opportunity to erode its ability to act as an independent financial agent.
16S ribosomal DNA probes for the detection and enumeration of proteolytic rumen bacteria :|ba thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Molecular Biology at Massey University
(Massey University, 1999) Reilly, Kerri
Bacterial degradation of protein causes inefficient nitrogen retention in New Zealand ruminants. The 16S rRNA genes of a Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens-like strain and three Streptococcus bovis strains, isolated from New Zealand cattle were sequenced to further characterise these isolates. Based on 16S rDNA analysis the B. fibrisolvens-like isolate was classified as Clostridium proteoclasticum, while the three S. bovis isolates were confirmed as S. bovis strains. In the absence of selective media for enumeration of these bacteria, a competitive PCR (cPCR) approach was developed for enumeration of these bacteria from rumen samples. PCR primers were designed to variable regions within the 16S ribosomal RNA genes of both S. bovis and C. proteoclasticum. These primers were used in conjunction with the universal forward primer fD1*, to allow amplification of 16S rDNA fragments from these organisms. DNA database searches revealed that the B316 830 primer sequence was present in four B. fibrisolvens strains. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences indicated that these B. fibrisolvens strains are closely related to C. proteoclasticum and that the B316 830 primer circumscribes these five strains.. The B315 454 primer sequence was found in the 16S rDNA of 10 Streptococcus species. Primer specificity was tested in amplification reactions with DNA extracted from 85 bacterial isolates, mainly of rumen origin. The C. proteoclasticum primer B316 830 and fD1* produced a specific PCR product from C. proteoclasticum DNA only, while the S. bovis primer B315 454 and fD1* gave specific PCR product from DNA of all strains of S. bovis tested but from no other rumen bacterium. An internal control was developed for both S. bovis and C. proteoclasticum to use in cPCR reactions for quantitation. Standard curves were constructed relating the PCR product intensity of target DNA extracted from a known number of cells and the intensity of internal control DNA PCR product. The standard curves were used to quantitate populations of S. bovis and C. proteoclasticum in rumen samples collected from eight dairy cows fed a rotation of four diets. Populations detected ranged from 2 x 106 to 2.8 x 107 for C. proteoclasticum and 1.7 x 107 to 1.3 x 108 for S. bovis. Diet had no significant effect on the populations of either of these proteolytic bacteria.
1888 – the media representation of the Whitechapel murder victims : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University
(Massey University, 2023) London, Victoria
This thesis aims to answer two questions about the victims of Jack the Ripper. First, how were the victims of this murderer portrayed by their contemporary media and the police who worked the case. Second, it seeks to assess the literary legacy of Jack the Ripper, often referred to as ‘Ripperology’ and how it has evolved over time. This will bring together and analyse the field of research that has grown up around the female victims: Martha Tabram, Mary Ann “Polly” Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elisabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes and Mary Jane Kelly, and the media surrounding their killing by Jack the Ripper.
The 19-hydroxylation of cortexolone by the fungus Pellicularia filamentosa : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biotechnology at Massey University
(Massey University, 1982) Clark, Thomas Alan
The microbiological 19-hydroxylation of steroids was studied to investigate the feasibility of a microbial process to produce 19-hydroxysteroids. These are important precursors of the valuable 19-norsteroids. At present, in industrial processes, 19-hydroxylation is performed by chemical synthesis. Fungi, selected from the genera Pestalotia (25 strains) and Pellicularia (5 strains), were screened for their steroid-hydroxylating activities. Thus, hydroxylation of the substrates progesterone, 4-androstene-3,17-dione, and cortexolone (17α ,21-dihydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione) was studied. Of the organisms tested, only Pellicularia filamentosa f.sp. microsclerotia IFO 6298 and Pellicularia filamentosa f.sp. sasakii IFO 5254 were found to perform 19-hydroxylation. Thus, both fungi could produce 19-hydroxycortexolone from cortexolone, with the former organism the more active in this respect-Hydrocortisone (11β-hydroxycortexolone) was also produced by both organisms. Neither organism, however, could similarly hydroxylate progesterone nor 4-androstehe-3,17-dione. With these substrates, products other than the 19-hydroxylated derivatives were formed. Thus a degree of substrate specificity was recognised for steroidal-19-hydroxylation by these fungi. None of the Pestalotia species tested could 19-hydroxylate any of the three substrates, despite claims in the literature, but instead were very active in 11 α -hydroxylation. In particular, many species were able to 11 α-hydroxylate progesterone (0.5 g/l concentration) in greater than 90% (w/w) yield. Using P. filamentosa f.sp. microsclerotia IFO 6298, in batch fermentation, at a cortexolone concentration of 0.5 g/l yields of 19- and 11β-hydroxycortexolone totalled approximately 40% (w/w) of the consumed substrate. The ratio of the two products, typically, was approximately 1.2:1 (19:11β). Only small variations in this ratio were ever observed. The steroid losses which were observed did not proceed via the hydroxy products as intermediates, but via a degradation pathway, from cortexolone, parallel to the hydroxylation reactions. The 11β- and 19-hydroxylase enzyme-system of P. filamentosa f.sp. microsclerotia IFO 6298 was shown to be inducible by cortexolone. By using the protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, in fermenter culture the effects of dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) on enzyme induction and enzyme expression were separately investigated. For both hydroxylations, an optimum DOT for induction was shown at 15% of saturation, while the optimum for expression is at 30% of saturation. Thus, maximum rates of hydroxylation were achieved when induction was performed at low DOT, followed by elevation to ensure maximum expression. The effects of specific glucose consumption rate and specific growth rate were investigated using chemostat cultures, under automatic DOT control (at 30% of saturation). At a constant specific growth rate, the importance of glucose metabolism to the hydroxylation process was demonstrated. Thus, with glucose-limited cultures, decreasing specific hydroxylation rates were observed with decreasing specific glucose consumption rates, possibly as a result of the restricted availability of NADPH, which is required for hydroxylation to occur. Conversely, with nitrogen-limited cultures, it was observed that the hydroxylase system is subject to glucose repression. Thus, with high specific glucose consumption rates, cultures showed low levels of hydroxylation activity. Maximum activity was obtained at a point, which apparently represents a balance between sufficient glucose metabolism to maintain full expression of activity and a condition of excess glucose uptake resulting in repression of activity. This finding may be of considerable significance for fungal steroid-hydroxylation processes in general, since relief of repression, when it exists, could give several-fold increases in specific hydroxylation rates as observed in this study. Over the range of specific growth rates studied (0.028 h-l to 0.119 h-l) no significant effect on specific hydroxylation rates was observed.
1942, the Pacific War, and the defence of New Zealand : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Defence and Strategic Studies at Massey University, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2016) Wilkins, Peter C
During 1941-1942 New Zealand expended vast amounts of capital and labour building in-depth defences against the perceived invasion threat from Japan that today is often regarded, especially by academic historians, as non-existent. This thesis looks closely at the background of such a Japanese threat and the subsequent realities. It examines the failures of the existing, indeed traditional political alliance with the British ‘family of nations’ and its associated myths against the Realpolitik of New Zealand’s enforced absorption into the new American power block. The origins of today’s opinions are teased out to examine their realities and the drivers of the New Zealand government’s actions at the time are reviewed. These actions along with the experience, perceptions and, above all, the circumstantial knowledge that formed the opinions drove the decisions to act are established. The conclusion of this thesis is the threat to New Zealand of being raided, isolated, even possibly invaded, was geopolitically and militarily real at the time. The margins by which any of these possibilities were avoided were narrow.
The 1960 Fiji sugar dispute : the cane growers versus the CSR Company : a thesis presented ... for the degree of Master of Arts in History
(Massey University, 1970) Charan, Prem K
Sugar is Fiji's chief export and accounts for over eighty per cent of its total export earnings. The set up of the Fijian sugar industry is perhaps unique in the world. The buying and processing of cane as well as the distribution of sugar up until 1962 were entirely in the hands of the Colonial Sugar Refining Company (usually referred to as the CSR or the Company) of Australia. The Company was also the owner or lessee of nearly half of the colony's total cane lands which were leased or sub-leased to over 5,200 small Indian tenant farmers. In its milling operations and transport network the CSR employed over 2,500 workers. Thus the CSR enjoyed a monopoly in the manufacture and distribution of sugar as well as holding an oligopoly as far as control of cane lands was concerned. From this strong position it could deal with the cane farmers successfully over matters such as cane payments to the farmers or conditions regarding harvesting and transporting of cane to its mills. If the cane growers failed to reach a favourable agreement with the CSR over the sale and purchase of cane they were faced with the unenviable position of having in hand a commercial crop with no buyers. The growers' position was aggravated by the fact that the cane crop deteriorated if it was not harvested in season and further it remained at the mercy of floods, hurricanes, droughts or even fires which were not uncommon occurences in the sugar districts. The livelihood of over 80 percent of the Indian farmers depended solely upon the income derived from the sales of sugar cane which brought by far the biggest return of any other crop. Sugar cane growing thus dominated the farming activities of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu's western coastal plains, the only plains large enough for extensive agricultural use.
1:1 : (manifestoes for a theatre of matter) : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a degree of Masters in Design at Massey University
(Massey University, 2005) Trubridge, Sam
This thesis revisits the manifestos of Twentieth Century theatre makers in order to establish a manifesto for performance design in the Twenty-First Century. It proposes that a material theatre is necessary in order to re-sensitise its audience and counter the 'de-realisation' that has infected and desensitised popular notions of war and global trauma. At the beginning of this new century there are new crises to mirror those that Antonin Artaud, Tadeusz Kantor, Peter Brook, and Jerzy Grotowski responded to in their own theatre and writings. With reference to the work of these artists this manifesto will construct an argument and rationale for 'The Theatre of Matter': a visual and spatial language for performance that affirms and implicates the material bodies of audience, performer, and space. By this design performance can become a complicit setting: the place of cruelty, ritual, realisation, and restoration that Helene Cixous calls "the place of crime and place of pardon" (Drain, 1995, p.340). Research through two realised productions of 'The Restaurant of Many Orders', reflection upon these productions, and conceptual drawings will make it possible to challenge and review the manifesto; thus setting it into motion within a practical framework.
3D contoured fabrics : proposing a new product and story for New Zealand wool : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Design in Textiles at Massey University
(Massey University, 2002) Hollingsworth, Therese
The 90s saw significant changes in the way New Zealand wool fibre was marketed to maintain a position in an increasingly competitive global market. This research has suggested that New Zealand textile design has been under-utilised as a means of adding value to this commodity and set out to investigate how design in conjunction with technology and marketing could create a new product idea and propose a new story. Investigations into design, technology and marketing were carried out within a generic product design framework for a defined textile interior product. Research ceased at the point at which a product story could be proposed. Woven prototypes developed through studio practice explored a 3D contoured aesthetic for New Zealand wool fabrics incorporating specialist yarn technology, and manufacturing capabilities were assessed to determine whether New Zealand industry could feasibly produce the resultant fabrics. Approaches to the marketing of New Zealand wool were investigated through case studies of businesses involved with the manufacture and marketing of wool fibre/product.
3D printing a transposed design in biopolymer materials using an articulated robot and pellet-based extrusion : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a degree of Master of Engineering in Mechatronics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2016) Brooks, Byron
The aim of this project was to develop a new method of 3D printing. This method is a mix between Fused Deposition Modelling and freeform printing, using a 6 degree-of-freedom articulated robot and a pellet-based extruder to mix and distribute the biopolymer, to create commercial quality thin-shelled parts with aesthetic aspects unique to the process and with a reduced amount of material wastage. There is the potential for many industries to benefit from this new technology. Initially this project is focused on applications for artists as thin-shelled designs rarely provide the physical properties required for functional parts. An artist has provided a design to test the printer. The hopper is designed to work with a range of different polymer pellets. It is based off a previous student’s design and mimics the operation of an injection moulder by pushing the pellets through a heating chamber with an auger. The robot controlling the movement of the platform is an ABB IRB120. This robot has six degrees-of-freedom that allows it to reach several positions that would otherwise be impossible with a Cartesian system. The IRB120 has a very high spatial accuracy and repeatability. The design’s original format is converted to a flattened 2D format and the lines are interpolated to produce a 2D set of points. The overlaps in the shapes are removed to reduce the number of times the nozzle traces over previous paths, which helps to keep the layer thicknesses the same. These shapes are filled in with points so the contours are not empty. The points are then projected onto a mathematical model of the platform to produce a 3D point cloud. Finally, these points are converted into data for the robot to read. The design data points stream to the robot, which interprets them on the fly. Many iterative changes and improvements were done to the hardware and software as the result of continuous testing of the process and analysis of the print. The pellet-based extruder is an elementary design with numerous variables that affect the resulting extrusion. After many design iterations and improvements to the extruder, the extruder can produce a continuous strand of material, with relatively constant flow. The software accurately converts a design from the given format into a path for the contours, and another path to fill the contours. These paths are projected onto a model of the moulded platform. Each point along the path is put through multiple affine transforms to generate a location and orientation for the end effector of the robot. The robot is moved by streaming each point to the robot one at a time. The extruder was controlled simultaneously to create a printed design. The printed design is geometrically correct. However, the width of the extrusion path needs to be improved to increase the accuracy of the design to the reference one. The current prints achieve the correct visual properties in the extrusion. However, they require a secondary process to improve the surface finish. This project has produced a new 3D printing process, mixing Fused Deposition Modelling and freeform printing. This process can be adapted to be used in a wide range of applications. It has also produced a low-cost, effective pellet-based extruder that can be used to test a range of different materials, and their effectiveness in being used for 3D printing.
3D printing materials for large-scale insulation and support matrices : thesis by publications presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2019) Harris, Muhammad
Additive manufacturing (AM) techniques have promising applications in daily life due to their superiority over conventional manufacturing techniques in terms of complexity and ease of use. However, current applications of polymer-based 3D printing (3DP) are limited to small scale only due to the high cost of materials, print times, and physical sizes of the available machines. In addition, the applications of 3DP are yet to be explored for insulation of different large-scale mechanical structures. For example, milk vats are large structures with complex assemblies (like pipes, joints, couplings, valves, ladders, vessel doors) that requires insulation to store the milk at a low temperature of 6 °C as per the NZCP1 regulations in New Zealand. Generally, milk vats lack any kind of proper insulation around them and require additional cooling systems to keep the milk at a prescribed temperature. Any variations in the temperature can lead to deterioration in the quality of milk. Therefore, there exists a research gap that can not only help to solve an industrial issue but also can be a first step towards real large-scale 3DP applications that can potentially lead to many others in future. For example, pipe insulation, food storage tanks, chemical storage tanks, water treatment. This research explores new and inexpensive materials for large-scale 3DP. For this purpose, the current state of the 3DP materials is analyzed and based upon this analysis two distinct approaches are devised: 1) in-process approach to improve the mechanical properties of the existing materials like polylactic acid (PLA), and 2) modification of inexpensive materials (like materials used in injection, rotational, and blow moulding) to make them printable. In the first approach, by controlling the process parameters, mechanical properties are studied. While in the second approach, blends of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) with different thermoplastics (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, ABS and polylactic acid, PLA) are investigated to achieve printability. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are used to analyze the proposed materials. The overall objective of this research is to devise low-cost materials comparable to the conventional processes that are capable of providing good mechanical properties (tensile, compressive and flexural) along with high resistance to thermal, moisture, and soil degradation. The results present significant enhancement, up to 30%, in tensile strength of PLA through in-process heat treatment. However, the softness induced during printing above 70 °C directs to the second approach of developing the novel blends of HDPE and PP. In this regard, the research develops three novel blend materials: 1) PLA/HDPE, 2) ABS/HDPE, and 3) ABS/PP. These materials are compatibilized by a common compatibilizer, polyethylene graft maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH). PLA/HDPE/PE-g-MAH provides highest tensile strength among all existing FDM blends (73.0 MPa) with superior resistance to thermal, moisture and soil degradation. ABS/HDPE and ABS/PP provide one of the highest mechanical properties (tensile, compressive, and flexural) in ABS based FDM blends with superior thermal resistance to six days aging. ii The chemical characterization of aforementioned novel FDM blends shows partial miscibility with sufficient signs of chemical grafting. The significant intermolecular interactions are noted in FTIR that shows the grafting through compatibilizer (PE-g-MAH). The DSC analysis shows visible enhancement in different thermal parameters like glass transition, melt crystallization and degradation along with signs of partial miscibility. Furthermore, TGA analysis confirms the partial miscibility along with the enhanced onset of degradation temperature. The increase in onset temperatures of each of the three blends proves the thermal stability to high temperatures. Hence, each of the developed blends is capable of resisting any material deterioration during routine cleaning operation at 70 °C of milk vats. This research has resulted in 5 journal publication (four published and one submitted), two conference proceedings and a number of posters presented at local conferences. This research is the part of food industry and enabling technologies (FIET) research program funded by the ministry of business, innovation and employment (MBIE), New Zealand in collaboration with Massey University, Auckland.
3D printing of textured soft meat analogues : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Food Technology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2020) Wang, Tianxiao
Meat analogue is a food product mainly made of plant proteins. It is considered to be a sustainable food, and has gained a lot of interest in the recent years. Hybrid meat is a new type of meat analogue, which mixes plant protein and meat ingredients. It helps meat analogues express similarity with real meat, and also reduces the negative environmental impact. Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is becoming increasingly popular in food processing. 3D food printing involves modification of food structure, which leads to the creation of soft food. Currently, there is no available research on 3D printing of meat analogues. Therefore, this study was carried out to create plant and animal protein based formulations for 3D printing of hybrid meat analogues with soft texture. This study was divided into three major sections. The first section was pre-printing experiments. Preliminary extrusion trials through a syringe were done using various materials, including different meat, plant protein samples and their combination, to finalize the most suitable material and formulations for further printing test using a 3D printer. Then rheology and forward extrusion tests were carried out on these selected samples to get basic understanding of their potential printability. In the second section, extrusion-based 3D printing was conducted to print various 3D shapes. The third section of the thesis presents the characterization of 3D printed products. From the results of preliminary trials, pea protein isolate (PPI) was selected as the main plant protein source. For 3D printing tests, the addition of 20 % chicken mince paste (dry basis) to PPI based paste achieved better printability and fibre structure. In addition, the printing performance was standardized and was found to be optimal at 1.54 mm nozzle size, 10 mm/s printing speed and 100 % infill density. At these conditions, meat analogues with a layered structure could be designed through 3D printing. Chicken mince and printed meat analogues had a similar moisture content of approximately 70 %. However, the protein content increased with an increase in the amount of chicken in the 3D printed samples. The addition of chicken also hardened the texture of pre-printed products, but the printing process reduced the hardness. This demonstrated that printing is a suitable method to produce a soft meal. The results of light and scanning electron microscopy (LM & SEM) on cooked 3D printed samples showed that addition of chicken to plant protein matrix led to better fibre formation. PPI itself was not able to form any fibres merely by 3D printing and cooking in boiling water. Protein-protein interactions were also studied through the protein solubility test, which indicated that hydrogen bonding was the major bonding to contribute the structure formation in cooked and printed meat analogues. In addition, disulphide bonding was correlated with improved fibrous structures as observed through SEM. This study investigated that meat analogues with softer texture were created through 3D printing. Due to the unique rheological properties of the printing materials, printing could only be carried out properly at a low speed (10 mm/s). High speed led to a poor shape forming capacity. Slight changes in the shape of printed products were observed after cooking however it did not affect their overall 3D structure. Further research is needed to develop an approach for high-speed printing by further optimizing formulation or printing parameters.
The (5, p)-arithmetic hyperbolic lattices in three dimensions : a dissertation in Mathematics, presented to the Massey University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
(Massey University, 2024-02-10) Salehi, Keyvan
The group $Isom^+(\mathbb{H}^3)\cong PSL(2,\mathbb{C})$ contains an unlimited number of lattices of orientation-preserving isometries of hyperbolic 3-space (equivalently Kleinian groups of finite co-volume) that may be produced by using two elements of finite orders $p$ and $q$ as generators. For example, all but a finite number of $(p, 0)$-$(q, 0)$ orbifold Dehn surgery on any of the infinite number of hyperbolic two-bridge links (or knots if $p = q$) would have (orbifold) fundamental groups that are such uniform (co-compact) lattices. However, it was demonstrated in \cite{MM} that, up to conjugacy, two elements of finite order could generate only a finite number of arithmetic lattices. In fact, it is proved in \cite{MM} that there are only a finite number of {\em nearly arithmetic} groups, that is groups generated by two elements of finite order that are discrete subgroups of arithmetic groups and are not free on the two generators. The main result of this thesis is the determination of all the finitely many arithmetic lattices $\Gamma$ in the orientation preserving isometry group of hyperbolic $3$-space $\mathbb{H}^3$ generated by an element of order $5$ and an element of order $p\geq 2$, along with the determination of all the associated nearly arithmetic groups. These groups $\Gamma$ will have a presentation of the form \[ \Gamma\cong\langle f,g: f^5=g^p=w(f,g)=\cdots=1 \rangle \] In this Thesis, we find that necessarily \begin{itemize} \item $p\in \{2,3,4,5\}$ \item The total degree of the invariant trace field \[ k\Gamma=\mathbb{Q}(\{tr^2(h):h\in\Gamma\})\] is at most $6$ and at most $4$ for lattices. \item Each orbifold is either a two bridge link of slope $r/s$ surgered with $(5,0)$, $(p,0)$ orbifold Dehn surgery or a Heckoid group with rational slope $r/s\in [0,1]$ and $w(f,g)=(w_{r/s})^r$ with $r\in \{2,3,4,5\}$, and $w_{r/s}$ is a Farey word - described later. \end{itemize} For each such group, we find a discrete and faithful representation in $PSL(2,\mathbb{C})$, identify the rational slope $r/s$ and identify the associated number theoretic data.
5-Aminouracil synchronization of the cell cycle of Vicia Faba root tip meristems : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biology at Massey University
(Massey University, 1977) Butcher, Jennifer Ann
This study was undertaken to try and find how the thymine analogue 5-aminouracil induces cell synchrony in the cell cycle of plant root meristems. It has previously been used as a synchronizing agent without knowing its mode of action. The experiments confirmed the synchronization effect and that the removal of plants from 5AU stimulated the cells to divide. Results indicated that the late S and early G2 phases of the cell cycle were the most affected, with DNA synthesis continuing in the presence of 5AU at a reduced rate. The inhibition of division caused by 5AU could be reversed by other bases and mixtures. The G1 phase was found not to be affected by 5AU but it was postulated that cells in early G2 were slowed down or halted by the chemical. DNA density measurements were taken of nuclei treated continuously for varied times with 5AU, and these results confirmed a buildup of cells in the latter third of the S phase found by other workers. The presence of Feulgen-negative regions in chromatids of the 5AU treated tissue was noted and linked with possible interference in heterochromatin synthesis. The possibility of some enzyme function important in the final joining together of DNA units being interfered with by 5AU is also discussed. Suggestions are made for further possible avenues of work into DNA synthesis. The significance of cell cycle studies and their experimental design has recently been reconsidered and is mentioned in view of this work and other cell population studies.
A characterisation of farmed animal accreditation schemes in Aotearoa New Zealand and a comparison to minimum animal welfare legislation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Animal Science at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2023) Bramley, Lauralee Ruth
Farmed animal welfare represents the subjective, mental experiences of animals farmed to produce animal-derived products. Welfare considerations for farmed animals exist from birth until the point of slaughter. Animal welfare is a legal priority in New Zealand through the Animal Welfare Act 1999 and its legislative instruments, the Codes of Welfare and the Animal Welfare Regulations. Animal welfare is also important for maintaining social license to operate, international export, animal productivity, and human wellbeing within the primary industries. An increased interest in animal welfare has emerged among consumers in recent years, with a particular focus on farmed animals. This increased concern has influenced the industry's social license to operate. Accreditation schemes are frameworks that outline specific requirements for producers or individuals to obtain certification. They have been created to safeguard an industries' social license and enhance consumer assurance. Over the past decade, there has been a noticeable increase in the number of New Zealand farmed animal accreditation schemes that incorporate animal welfare assurances. Unfortunately, there have been questions about the transparency of such schemes and the credibility of their claims, especially schemes whose standards may not comply with minimum legislation. To date, there has been little research on New Zealand farmed animal accreditation schemes. My research aimed to investigate and characterise the farmed animal accreditation schemes operating in New Zealand and determine how many of these are publicly accessible. I also aimed to evaluate publicly accessible schemes against minimum legal requirements of New Zealand's animal welfare legislation found within relevant Codes of Welfare. A novel methodology was developed to compare scheme standards to relevant Codes of Welfare. In this study, I identified 20 New Zealand farmed animal accreditation schemes. Seventy percent (n: 14) of these schemes had standards that were publicly accessible. Twelve schemes comprised of 13 unique standards were eligible for comparison to respective Codes of Welfare. Overall, six (46%) of New Zealand’s farmed animal accreditation scheme standards that include animal welfare requirements exceeded minimum legislation, while three (23%) aligned with minimum legislation. Likewise, three (23%) did not address their respective Codes of Welfare. This research could be used to start discussions about how New Zealand’s farmed animal accreditation schemes are being utilised to ensure animal welfare, promote more transparency within schemes, and how the claims of these schemes are being evidenced.
A deficit in attention to assessment and supports for adults with ADHD in Aotearoa New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University, Distance, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2023) Tuisaula Cruice, Eden
Outdated understandings, referral bias, and stereotypes of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) lead to diagnostic delays. Individuals with ADHD struggle with many aspects of life and have an increased risk of poorer outcomes. Many adults living with undiagnosed ADHD will not have access to support to help manage the difficult aspects of ADHD. In Aotearoa, New Zealand, it has been suggested that ADHD assessments are inaccessible. The aim of this research was to examine access to assessment and supports for adults with ADHD/suspected ADHD in Aotearoa by exploring the perceptions and lived experiences of adults diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood. This research also sought to explore the impact of late diagnosis, misdiagnosis, and/or missed diagnosis of ADHD on adults in Aotearoa. This research was underpinned by a blend of paradigms, generating a research foundation of a critical neurodiversity paradigm. This blend enabled exploration of the impacts of social structures and the challenging of neuronormative, oppressive structures while centring neurodivergent voices. Hermeneutic phenomenology was utilised to support the centring of lived experience and for its appreciation of researcher lived experience. Following semi structured interviews, Interpretive phenomenological analysis was utilised to interpret the experiences of nine adults with ADHD. Analysis revealed participants were impacted by neuronormativity and ableism which nurtured the development of negative self-perceptions and mental distress. Late diagnosis meant that participants spent their younger years internalising the constant reinforcement of difference and failure in their social environments. Receiving a diagnosis provided participants with self-understanding and connection with people who have similar experiences. The findings also revealed that access to ADHD assessment is dependent on either privilege or crisis. The participants in this study suggested several recommendations to improve ADHD healthcare for themselves and for other people seeking support. The findings of this research have implications for the improvement of policies regarding ADHD, from the perspectives of adults with ADHD.
A longitudinal study on the high involvement work system and its effect on job resources, job demands and outcomes among New Zealand employees : considerate leadership as a moderator : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science (Psychology), Massey University, Albany, New Zealand. EMBARGOED until 18th July 2026.
(Massey University, 2024) Raley, Tabitha
Retaining a high-quality workforce is synonymous with organisational excellence. New Zealand (NZ) currently experiences a large fluctuation of its high-quality workforce moving in and out of the country (OECD, 2024). The issue we are faced with is an influx of competition and fewer high-quality employees. New Zealand (NZ) organisations are therefore tasked with producing and maintaining a work system that attracts, develops, and retains high-quality employees. In the study, we turn to employees’ involvement to achieve a high-quality workforce. While several important factors contribute to the quality of a workforce, we must begin by recognising an individual’s quality of life (QoL) as an essential element. The quality of an individual’s life will likely predict the quality of work (QoW) one produces (Bubonya et al., 2017; Lim et al., 2000). Using a sample of 250 New Zealand (NZ) employees, the longitudinal study systematically examined the effect of job resources, namely, opportunities for skill development, and emotional job demands on employees’ quality of work (QoW) and quality of life (QoL), while highlighting mediating effects of these variables on the relationship between employee involvement and employee outcomes. The analysis of our quantitative data indicated the significant positive effect of opportunities for skill development on employees’ quality of work (QoW) and quality of life (QoL). In addition, the high involvement work system (HIWS), conceptualised by the PIRK model’s four dimensions (power, information sharing, rewards and knowledge), had significant and positive effects on opportunities for skill development. Moreover, information sharing produced a significant and negative effect on emotional job demands. Emotional job demands mediated the relationships between the high involvement work system (HIWS) and employees’ quality of work (QoW) and quality of life (QoL). Opportunities for skill development produced a mediating effect on the relationship between the high involvement work system (HIWS) and only employees’ quality of work (QoW). A considerate leadership style produced no moderating effects on the high involvement work system (HIWS) and employee’s quality of work (QoW) and quality of life (QoL) but did directly effect employees’ opportunities for skill development. This study contributes to the limited longitudinal research in New Zealand (NZ) and provides empirical evidence on organisational-level change that supports employee outcomes, thus helping to progress employees’ involvement in New Zealand (NZ) organisations.
A model to evaluate effectiveness of lean and ISO 14001 implementation on environmental benefits in the meat industry : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Management, School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
(Figure 2.2 is reproduced under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 3.0 license., 2024-09-20) Ahmed, Aqeel
Excessive emissions of greenhouse gases, production of wastes (organic and inorganic) and inefficient utilisation of resources have drastic impacts on the operational and environmental performance in the meat industry. Reducing waste and processing environmentally friendly meat products have long been desired in meat processing and is still considered as a promising strategy to yield environmentally friendly products. ISO 14001 is a voluntary environmental management system standard that provides a continuous improvement framework to reduce environmental impacts and improve environmental performance. Lean is used as a strategy for minimising waste and non-value-adding activities focusing on increasing customer satisfaction, which also has a positive impact on the environment. Besides, continuous improvement is at the very core in both approaches. This study evaluates the environmental performance in the meat industry through the joint application of lean and ISO 14001. Further, a conceptual model is developed through literature synthesis which combines the lean and ISO 14001 strategies to achieve the environmental performance benefits that could be applied to the meat industry. The study uses the natural resource-based view (NRBV) as its theoretical lens to understand lean and ISO 14001 implementation as a combined approach for improving environmental performance outcomes in the meat industry. A preliminary study and subsequent multiple-case studies are employed as a qualitative research design for this evaluation. In the first phase of the study, semi-structured interviews with lean and ISO 14001 consultants are conducted to evaluate the implementation of lean and ISO 14001 as a combined approach for improving environmental performance in the meat industry. Next, multiple-case studies are conducted in three meat processing organisations – two in New Zealand and one in Ireland – to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing both lean and ISO 14001 strategies together for achieving environmental benefits. This study reveals that the application of the NRBV competencies (e.g., strategic planning and human) for a joint lean and ISO 14001 implementation helps to enhance natural capabilities (i.e., pollution prevention, product stewardship and sustainable development). For instance, lean and ISO 14001 implementation as a combined approach helps to better achieve pollution prevention (e.g., reduction of wastewater and greenhouse gas emissions), product stewardship (e.g., recycling of wastewater and introduction of renewable resources) and sustainable development (e.g., sustainable resources usage and environmental awareness). This research contributes to presenting key practitioner insights on the implementation of lean and ISO 14001 for improvement of environmental performance as well as provides factors for successful implementation of both strategies in the meat industry. A model is developed for lean and ISO 14001 implementation through empirical evidence and competencies and capabilities of the NRBV lens to help practitioners, policymakers, consultants and academia in their future work to improve environmental performance.
A population genetic investigation of genetic diversity and biogeographic patterns in Piper excelsum subsp. excelsum (G. Forst) (Piperaceae) on the North Island of New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences at Massey University, [Manawatū], New Zealand
(Massey University, 2023) Gillies, Anna-Leigh
New Zealand has been exposed to significant geological activity over time, including tectonic movements, land submersion by water, glacial cycles, and volcanic eruptions. These geological events have altered the spatial and genetic distribution of many species in New Zealand and provide an interesting and complex environment to study biogeographic patterns, genetic diversity, and population structure. Population genetics studies can offer meaningful insight when exploring biogeographic patterns, however, there are relatively few population genetic studies on New Zealand native plants. Piper excelsum subsp. excelsum (G. Forst.) (Piperaceae) is a native, understory tree that is abundant in mixed angiosperm-podocarp New Zealand forest (Burrows, 1995). This species was chosen to study biogeographic patterns in the North Island using a population genetics approach due to its abundance, widespread distribution and combination of life history characteristics. Accordingly, ten consistently amplifying, polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed to characterise the genetic diversity, population structure and to investigate the potential influence of historical geological events on the genetic and spatial distribution of the species. An east-west pattern was discovered in sampled North Island sites across all analysis methods, potentially a result of repeated volcanic activity across the volcanic plateau, the axial mountain range that runs from Wellington to East Cape, or Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) microrefugia on either side of this mountain range. Low between sampling site divergence was uncovered for P. excelsum. A bottleneck event is speculated in this study to have wiped out the frost intolerant P. excelsum during the LGM, with persistence proposed only in Northern refugia. Effective pollen and seed dispersal mechanisms among other ecological variables are also thought to be contributing to this finding. The genetic distribution of P. excelsum has been explored across the North Island of New Zealand. The results from this study contribute meaningful insights to understanding widescale biogeographical patterns of native New Zealand species, although a range of taxa need to be investigated to determine whether these patterns are relatively common among native New Zealand plant species.
A rapid and accessible method to profile and identify antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria using multiplex amplicon panels and Oxford Nanopore Technology : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2023) McGrath, Nick
The spread of antibiotic resistance is severely burdening agriculture and healthcare industries. Bacteria have readily gained resistance to nearly all commercially available antibiotics through the use and overuse of antibiotics in both industries. Current methods to detect resistance genes in bacteria are either outdated and slow or too expensive and inaccessible. A method that is rapid and accessible is necessary to help lessen the burden of antibiotic resistance. Our research aimed to develop a method to rapidly detect antibiotic resistance genes in single-strain bacteria and metagenomic samples. To achieve this, we developed a nested PCR protocol that could enrich a panel of target resistance genes and provide each a genomic context through degenerate primers and Nanopore sequencing. In single-strain bacteria, we can enrich all target antibiotic-resistance genes; an average of 38% reads will provide a genomic context to each gene. Using our novel nested-PCR protocol, we can also enrich all target resistance genes up to 1000-fold in faecal samples compared to metagenomic sequencing. With this nested PCR protocol and Oxford Nanopore as a sequencing platform, we can detect target resistance genes in single-strain bacteria and faecal samples in under 6 hours, making this method rapid, inexpensive, and accessible. Further, we can provide a genomic context to each resistance gene, allowing us to determine whether genes are chromosomal or plasmid-bound.

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