Journal Articles
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/7915
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Item Autonomy as the Guiding Aim of Entrepreneurship Education(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2010) Van Gelderen, MarcoStructured Abstract Purpose: This analysis has three purposes. First, to present a vision of entrepreneurship education that has the student‟s capacity for autonomous action as its ultimate aim. Second, to convince the reader of the timeliness and relevance of such an approach. Third, to outline how this can be implemented. Approach: This analysis integrates several strands of the literature: research on entrepreneurial autonomy; educational psychology; and entrepreneurship education. Findings: The importance of autonomy is suggested by research on entrepreneurial motivation and satisfaction, as well as by a range of societal trends that favour increased self-reliance. Two perspectives, Self-Determination Theory and Self-Directed Learning, provide leads about how to put autonomy centre stage in entrepreneurship education. Several implementation-related issues are discussed. These include trade-offs between guidance and freedom, information and pressure, the self and others, and choice and relevance; the effects of student behaviour on autonomy support by faculty; and the suitability of autonomy-supportive entrepreneurship education for different kinds of students and educational settings. Practical implications: Teachers, schools and institutions wishing to adapt this approach need to adopt individualised, empowering approaches. Originality/Value: It is novel to conceive of entrepreneurship education as an exercise in the service of the capacity for autonomous action. Classification of Paper type: Viewpoint.Item Encountered Problems and Outcome Status in Nascent Entrepreneurship(Wiley-Blackwell, 2011) Van Gelderen, Marco; Thurik, Roy; Patel, PankajThe relationship between outcome status and encountered problems in the business start-up process is investigated. Contrary to expectations, we find that starters do not substantially differ from quitters in number and type of problems encountered, and that problems encountered generally do not affect outcome status. This research is based on a sample of 414 Dutch nascent entrepreneurs followed over a three year period. Its design is comparable to the U.S. PSED (Panel Study of Entrepreneurial Dynamics).Item A Heuristic-Inducing Method for Generating Initial Ideas for Opportunities: an Application to the Australasian Dating Market(World Scientific Publishing Company, 2010) Van Gelderen, MarcoThis paper presents a heuristics-inducing method for generating initial ideas for opportunities. It consists of the presentation of snippets of theory and research, selected for their inspirational value and relevance to a particular industry, to business owners in that industry to brainstorm about applications in products and services. In this approach, the researcher bridges the worlds of academia and business, and actively contributes to the opportunity recognition process by selecting, presenting and discussing information. The method is applied to the dating market: searching, matching and/or interacting services, whether internet based or real-life. Participants were ten Australians or New Zealanders dating service owners. The presented information concerns social psychological research outcomes on factors that contribute to attraction and forming bonds, and specific issues relevant to the dating market, e.g., gender imbalances in enrollment. A range of initial ideas for future possibilities in the dating market are presented. [Version type: post-print]Item Perseverance Strategies for Enterprising Individuals(23/09/2011) Van Gelderen, MarcoPurpose: To arrive at a conceptual understanding of perseverance processes in the context of enterprising behavior. To outline readily employable perseverance strategies for situations characterized by obstacles, challenges and setbacks. Approach: This paper presents a process model of perseverance, drawing on elements of control theory (Carver and Scheier 1981, 1998) and appraisal theory (Lazarus, 1966, 1999; Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). Findings: From this model, it derives a variety of perseverance strategies within four broad categories: strategies that affect adversity itself; strategies that change the way adversity is perceived; strategies that reframe the aim that adversity has made difficult to attain; and strategies that help to increase self-regulatory strength. James Dyson‟s biography provides examples for the strategies. Research implications: A research agenda is provided. Practical implications: A broad variety of strategies are discussed help individuals to persevere in reaching their enterprising goals. Social implications: This paper aims to contribute to the persevering abilities of enterprising individuals. Originality/Value: Although it is a widely held perception that perseverance is needed to successfully start and run a venture, the perseverance process and perseverance strategies have received little research attention. Classification of Paper type: Post-printItem Relationships Among Developmental Competency Measures and Objective Work Outcomes in a New Zealand Retail Context(Wiley, 2010) Jackson, Duncan; Cooper-Thomas, Helena; Van Gelderen, Marco; Davis, JaneCompetencies represent an important and popular topic in human resource development. Despite the popularity of competencies, a divide exists between practitioner approaches to developmental competency measures and the empirical scrutiny of such approaches. However, the scarce empirical studies on competency measures have begun to bridge this gap. In the present study, behavioral competency ratings and objective outcome measures were collected from a sample of entry-level (N = 118) employees in a retail organization in New Zealand. A correlational design was applied to data in this study and, using canonical correlation analyses, meaningful relationships were observed among competency measures and objective work outcomes. Such relationships are presented as being practically useful when making decisions about weighting certain competencies over others for developmental purposes.Item Entrepreneurship in the cinema: Feature films as case material in entrepreneurship education(Senate Hall, 2003) Van Gelderen, Marco; Verduyn, KarenThis paper presents a set of feature films in which entrepreneurship plays a lead role and tries to convince the reader of the usefulness of using film in the classroom. The special characteristics of feature films as an instructional medium are discussed and the expected benefits of using films are derived. It reports evaluation results of two courses for undergraduate students in business administration. The results shows that working with film is highly motivating for the students, and that film offers different insights in comparison with other instructional media as it tends to focus on emotions, moral dilemmas, and interpersonal relationships (thus emphasizing topics such as leadership and working in a team). The selected titles are The Van, Rent-a-Friend, Big Night, Tucker, The Associate, The Full Monty, and Startup.Com. Plot descriptions of the films as well as examples of analyses of entrepreneurial aspects are provided.Item Strategies, uncertainty and performance of small business startups(Kluwer, 2000) Van Gelderen, Marco; Frese, Michael; Thurik, RoyPersonal strategies of owners/founders of small business startups are related to performance and to environmental uncertainty. This is done using a longitudinal data set. Personal strategies are operationalized by a behavioral measure of the manners in which small business founders deal with situations. The results suggest a dynamic process between strategy and performance. Business owners that perform poorly employ a Reactive Strategy, with poor performance leading to increased use of reactive behavior. High performing business owners start out focussing on the most crucial issues (Critical Point Strategy), with high performance leading to a more top-down (Complete Planning) approach. These relations are controlled for characteristics of the environment of the firm. Strategy use is dependent upon the type and level of environmental uncertainty. Complete Planning strategy is used less frequently in a fast changing environment and more often in a complex environment. Use of Opportunistic Strategy is negatively related to the complexity of the environment, while the Reactive Strategy is used more frequently in a non-munificent environment.Item Success and risk factors in the pre-startup phase(Springer, 2006) Van Gelderen, Marco; Thurik, Roy; Bosma, NielsWhy does one person actually succeed in starting a business, while a second person gives up? In order to answer this question, a sample of 517 nascent entrepreneurs (people in the process of setting up a business) was followed over a three-year period. After this period, it was established that 195 efforts were successful and that 115 startup efforts were abandoned. Our research focuses on estimating the relative importance of a variety of approaches and variables in explaining pre-startup success. These influences are organized in terms of Gartner's (1985) framework of new venture creation. This framework suggests that start-up efforts differ in terms of the characteristics of the individual(s) who start the venture, the organization that they create, the environment surrounding the new venture, and the process by which the new venture is started. Logistic regression analyses are run for the sample as a whole as well as for subgroups within the sample, namely for those with high ambition vs. low ambition and for those with substantial vs. limited experience. The results point to the importance of perceived risk of the market as a predictor of getting started vs. abandoning the startup effort.Item Learning opportunities and learning behaviours of small business starters: Relations with goal achievement, skill development and satisfaction(Springer, 2005) Van Gelderen, Marco; Van der Sluis, Lidewey; Jansen, PaulLearning is a vital issue for small business starters, contributing to short term and long term business performance, as well as to personal development. This study investigates when and how small business starters learn. It specifies the situations that offer learning opportunities, as well as the learning behaviours that small business starters can employ in order to learn from these opportunities. In a cross-sectional, quantitative study of recently started small business founders, learning opportunities and learning behaviours are related to three outcome measures: a performance outcome (goal achievement), a personal growth outcome (skill development), and an affective evaluation outcome (satisfaction). The results show the importance of learning opportunities and learning behaviours in influencing these outcome variables, albeit not always in the directions we hypothesized.Item Autonomy as a start-up motive(Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2006) Van Gelderen, Marco; Jansen, PaulAutonomy is a primary motive for a large majority of small business starters. However, as an explanation of why people want their own (autonomous) business it is largely circular. Therefore we focus on an explanation of the autonomy motive itself. Specifically, it is questioned why small business starters want autonomy. In answering this question a two level distinction is made. The motivation for autonomy can be an end in itself. The small business starter is then motivated by the decisional freedoms and responsibilities with regard to the what, how, and when aspects of work. Autonomy can also be instrumental for the fulfillment of still other motives. We suggest that this is the case for three motives in particular: resistance towards bosses or rules, self-congruence/self-endorsement, and power/ control. Our framework is confirmed studying a sample of 167 nascent entrepreneurs motivated by autonomy.
