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    Regional patterns of mtDNA diversity in Styela plicata, an invasive ascidian, from Australian and New Zealand marinas
    (CSIRO PUBLISHING, 7/03/2013) Torkkola J; Riginos C; Liggins L
    The ascidian Styela plicata is abundant in harbours and marinas worldwide and has likely reached this distribution via human-mediated dispersal. Previous worldwide surveys based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase one (COI) sequences have described two divergent clades, showing overlapping distributions and geographically widespread haplotypes. These patterns are consistent with recent mixing among genetically differentiated groups arising from multiple introductions from historically distinct sources. In contrast, a study of Australian S. plicata using nuclear markers found that population differentiation along the eastern coast related to geographic distance and no evidence for admixture between previously isolated genetic groups. We re-examined the genetic patterns of Australian S. plicata populations using mtDNA (CO1) to place their genetic patterns within a global context, and we examined New Zealand populations for the first time. We found that the haplotypic compositions of Australian and New Zealand populations are largely representative of other worldwide populations. The New Zealand populations, however, exhibited reduced diversity, being potentially indicative of a severely bottlenecked colonisation event. In contrast to results from nuclear markers, population differentiation of mtDNA among Australian S. plicata was unrelated to geographic distance. The discrepancy between markers is likely to be a consequence of non-equilibrium population genetic processes that typify non-indigenous species. © 2013 CSIRO.
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    Evaluating edge-of-range genetic patterns for tropical echinoderms, Acanthaster planci and Tripneustes gratilla, of the Kermadec Islands, southwest Pacific
    (ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI, 1/01/2014) Liggins L; Gleeson L; Riginos C
    Edge-of-range populations are often typified by patterns of low genetic diversity and high genetic differentiation relative to populations within the core of a species range. The "core-periphery hypothesis," also known as the "central-marginal hypothesis," predicts that these genetic patterns at the edge-of-range are a consequence of reduced population size and connectivity toward a species range periphery. It is unclear, however, how these expectations relate to high dispersal marine species that can conceivably maintain high abundance and high connectivity at their range edge. In the present study, we characterize the genetic patterns of two tropical echinoderm populations in the Kermadec Islands, the edge of their southwest Pacific range, and compare these genetic patterns to those from populations throughout their east Indian and Pacific ranges. We find that the populations of both Acanthaster planci (Linnaeus, 1758) and Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758) are represented by a single haplotype at the Kermadec Islands (based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase C subunit I). Such low genetic diversity concurs with the expectations of the "core-periphery hypothesis." Furthermore, the haplotypic composition of both populations suggests they have been founded by a small number of colonists with little subsequent immigration. Thus, local reproduction and self-recruitment appear to maintain these populations despite the ecologically marginal conditions of the Kermadec Islands for these tropical species. Understanding rates of self-recruitment vs reliance on connectivity with populations outside of the Kermadec Islands has implications for the persistence of these populations and range stability of these echinoderm species.© 2014 Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science of the University of Miami.
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    Formation of nano-fibrils from the A, B and C variants of bovine beta-lactoglobulin
    (ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 1/02/2015) Dave, AC; Loveday, SM; Anema, SG; Jameson, GB; Singh, H
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    Validating a measure of children's monitoring-blunting coping styles in dental situations
    (Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2012) Williams MN; Jones LM
    The monitoring-blunting theory of coping suggests that when faced with a threatening situation, individuals can respond by either monitoring or avoiding (blunting) threatening information. The current study sought to validate a scale of children's preferences for monitoring or blunting in dental situations (the Monitoring Blunting Dental Scale or MBDS). The psychometric characteristics of the scale were assessed in a sample of 240 New Zealand children aged 11-13. Reliability was adequate for both monitoring (α = 0.74) and blunting (α = 0.76) subscale scores. Convergent validity was indicated by strong correlations (>0.6) between the measure's subscales and those of a related scale, although discriminant validity with respect to dental anxiety was problematic for the blunting subscale. Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor monitoring-blunting model, although confirmatory factor analysis indicated reasonable but imperfect fit for this model, SBχ²(251) = 510.7, p < 0.001, RMSEA = 0.066. We reflect on conceptual issues which may underlie the difficulties experienced here and elsewhere in developing psychometrically sound measures of Miller's blunting construct and suggest that the monitoring subscale of the study scale may be most useful to other researchers.
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    Standardising the lactulose mannitol test of gut permeability to minimise error and promote comparability.
    (PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE, 2014) Sequeira IR; Lentle RG; Kruger MC; Hurst RD
    BACKGROUND: Lactulose mannitol ratio tests are clinically useful for assessing disorders characterised by changes in gut permeability and for assessing mixing in the intestinal lumen. Variations between currently used test protocols preclude meaningful comparisons between studies. We determined the optimal sampling period and related this to intestinal residence. METHODS: Half-hourly lactulose and mannitol urinary excretions were determined over 6 hours in 40 healthy female volunteers after administration of either 600 mg aspirin or placebo, in randomised order at weekly intervals. Gastric and small intestinal transit times were assessed by the SmartPill in 6 subjects from the same population. Half-hourly percentage recoveries of lactulose and mannitol were grouped on a basis of compartment transit time. The rate of increase or decrease of each sugar within each group was explored by simple linear regression to assess the optimal period of sampling. KEY RESULTS: The between subject standard errors for each half-hourly lactulose and mannitol excretion were lowest, the correlation of the quantity of each sugar excreted with time was optimal and the difference between the two sugars in this temporal relationship maximal during the period from 2½-4 h after ingestion. Half-hourly lactulose excretions were generally increased after dosage with aspirin whilst those of mannitol were unchanged as was the temporal pattern and period of lowest between subject standard error for both sugars. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that between subject variation in the percentage excretion of the two sugars would be minimised and the differences in the temporal patterns of excretion would be maximised if the period of collection of urine used in clinical tests of small intestinal permeability were restricted to 2½-4 h post dosage. This period corresponds to a period when the column of digesta column containing the probes is passing from the small to the large intestine.
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    Transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions of charged hadrons in pp collisions at square root of s = 7 TeV.
    (AMER PHYSICAL SOC, 9/07/2010) Khachatryan V; Sirunyan AM; Tumasyan A; Adam W; Bergauer T; Dragicevic M; Erö J; Fabjan C; Friedl M; Frühwirth R; Ghete VM; Hammer J; Hänsel S; Hoch M; Hörmann N; Hrubec J; Jeitler M; Kasieczka G; Kiesenhofer W; Krammer M; Liko D; Mikulec I; Pernicka M; Rohringer H; Schöfbeck R; Strauss J; Taurok A; Teischinger F; Waltenberger W; Walzel G; Widl E; Wulz C-E; Mossolov V; Shumeiko N; Suarez Gonzalez J; Benucci L; Ceard L; De Wolf EA; Hashemi M; Janssen X; Maes T; Mucibello L; Ochesanu S; Roland B; Rougny R; Selvaggi M; Van Haevermaet H; Van Mechelen P; Van Remortel N; Adler V; Beauceron S; Blyweert S; D'Hondt J; Devroede O; Kalogeropoulos A; Maes J; Maes M; Tavernier S; Van Doninck W; Van Mulders P; Villella I; Chabert EC; Charaf O; Clerbaux B; De Lentdecker G; Dero V; Gay APR; Hammad GH; Marage PE; Vander Velde C; Vanlaer P; Wickens J; Costantini S; Grunewald M; Klein B; Marinov A; Ryckbosch D; Thyssen F; Tytgat M; Vanelderen L; Verwilligen P; Walsh S; 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Miné P; Paganini P; Sabes D; Sirois Y; Thiebaux C; Zabi A; Agram J-L; Besson A; Bloch D; Bodin D; Brom J-M; Cardaci M; Conte E; Drouhin F; Ferro C; Fontaine J-C; Gelé D; Goerlach U; Greder S; Juillot P; Karim M; Le Bihan A-C; Mikami Y; Speck J; Van Hove P; Fassi F; Mercier D; Baty C; Beaupere N; Bedjidian M; Bondu O; Boudoul G; Boumediene D; Brun H; Chanon N; Chierici R; Contardo D; Depasse P; El Mamouni H; Fay J; Gascon S; Ille B; Kurca T; Le Grand T; Lethuillier M; Mirabito L; Perries S; Tosi S; Tschudi Y; Verdier P; Xiao H; Roinishvili V; Anagnostou G; Edelhoff M; Feld L; Heracleous N; Hindrichs O; Jussen R; Klein K; Merz J; Mohr N; Ostapchuk A; Perieanu A; Raupach F; Sammet J; Schael S; Sprenger D; Weber H; Weber M; Wittmer B; Actis O; Ata M; Bender W; Biallass P; Erdmann M; Frangenheim J; Hebbeker T; Hinzmann A; Hoepfner K; Hof C; Kirsch M; Klimkovich T; Kreuzer P; Lanske D; Magass C; Merschmeyer M; Meyer A; Papacz P; Pieta H; Reithler H; Schmitz SA; Sonnenschein L; Sowa M; Steggemann J; 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CMS Collaboration
    Charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions in proton-proton collisions at square root of s = 7  TeV are measured with the inner tracking system of the CMS detector at the LHC. The charged-hadron yield is obtained by counting the number of reconstructed hits, hit pairs, and fully reconstructed charged-particle tracks. The combination of the three methods gives a charged-particle multiplicity per unit of pseudorapidity dN(ch)/dη|(|η|<0.5) = 5.78 ± 0.01(stat) ± 0.23(syst) for non-single-diffractive events, higher than predicted by commonly used models. The relative increase in charged-particle multiplicity from square root of s = 0.9 to 7 TeV is [66.1 ± 1.0(stat) ± 4.2(syst)]%. The mean transverse momentum is measured to be 0.545 ± 0.005(stat) ± 0.015(syst)  GeV/c. The results are compared with similar measurements at lower energies.
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    Ballistic modeling and pattern testing to prevent separation of New Zealand fertilizer products
    (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 18/06/2015) Grafton MCE; Yule IJ; Robertson BG; Chok SM; Manning MJ
    In recent years twin disc centrifugal spreaders have become larger with some manufacturers claiming to be able to spread fertilizer products as far as 60 m. To achieve wider spread widths, the fertilizer particle exit velocity off the disc has increased, as a result the ballistic qualities of the product becomes more critical. This case study uses data-mined information from Ravensdown Fertiliser Co-op Ltd, a major fertilizer supplier. This article examines and researches products used by arable and grassland farmers and studies the effect of changes in product characteristics on spread bout width from these newer spreaders. Ballistic modeling, based on particle density, size, and shape was used to test the distance fertilizer particles travel at various velocities. Fertilizer particle velocities were measured by high speed photometry using both common fertilizers and common spreaders found in New Zealand. Spreading equipment was pattern tested using the New Zealand Spreadmark method. Ballistic modeling of particles proved appropriate in ideal conditions. Fertilizer manufacturers believe that spreader operators often fail to take account of physical characteristics of products being spread and target the widest bout width possible. This can lead to an in-field Coefficient of Variation (CV) which is much greater than 15% and leads to sub-optimal utilization of fertilizer, where variations in particle size distribution occur. Similar situations have been experienced when spreading fertilizer blends; where blends previously spread successfully, at narrower bout widths now separate. Ballistic models could provide bout width recommendations for products and blends, for a range of applicators and reduce crop striping.
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    Effects of omega 3 and omega 6-polyunsaturated fatty acids on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells: A comparative in vitro study
    (MDPI, 10/07/2014) Boeyens JCA; Deepak V; Chua W-H; Kruger MC; Joubert A; Coetzee M
    Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been reported to have an anabolic effect on bone in vivo, but comparative studies to identify inhibitors of osteoclast formation amongst ω3- and ω6-PUFAs are still lacking. Here we assessed the effects of the ω3-PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and the ω6-PUFAs, arachidonic acid (AA) and γ-linolenic acid (GLA) on a RAW264.7 osteoclast differentiation model. The effects of PUFAs on RANKL-induced osteoclast formation were evaluated by counting tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated cells. PUFAs significantly inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent manner with AA- and DHA-mediated inhibition being the strongest. Furthermore, RANKL-induced mRNA- and protein expression of the key osteoclastogenic genes cathepsin K and TRAP were inhibited by AA and more potently by DHA. Owing to the attenuated osteoclastogenesis by DHA and AA, actin ring formation and bone resorptive activity of these cells as evaluated on bone-mimetic plates were severely compromised. Hence, of the tested PUFAs, AA and DHA were found to be the most effective in inhibiting RANKL-induced osteoclast formation with the latter providing the strongest inhibitory effects. Collectively, the data indicates that these PUFAs may play an important role in regulating bone diseases characterized by excessive osteoclast activity.
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    Synthesizing large-scale pyroclastic flows: Experimental design, scaling, and first results from PELE
    (AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 1/03/2015) Lube G; Breard ECP; Cronin SJ; Jones J
    Pyroclastic flow eruption large-scale experiment (PELE) is a large-scale facility for experimental studies of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). It is used to generate high-energy currents involving 500-6500 m3 natural volcanic material and air that achieve velocities of 7-30 m s-1, flow thicknesses of 2-4.5 m, and runouts of >35 m. The experimental PDCs are synthesized by a controlled "eruption column collapse" of ash-lapilli suspensions onto an instrumented channel. The first set of experiments are documented here and used to elucidate the main flow regimes that influence PDC dynamic structure. Four phases are identified: (1) mixture acceleration during eruption column collapse, (2) column-slope impact, (3) PDC generation, and (4) ash cloud diffusion. The currents produced are fully turbulent flows and scale well to natural PDCs including small to large scales of turbulent transport. PELE is capable of generating short, pulsed, and sustained currents over periods of several tens of seconds, and dilute surge-like PDCs through to highly concentrated pyroclastic flow-like currents. The surge-like variants develop a basal <0.05 m thick regime of saltating/rolling particles and shifting sand waves, capped by a 2.5-4.5 m thick, turbulent suspension that grades upward to lower particle concentrations. Resulting deposits include stratified dunes, wavy and planar laminated beds, and thin ash cloud fall layers. Concentrated currents segregate into a dense basal underflow of <0.6 m thickness that remains aerated. This is capped by an upper ash cloud surge (1.5-3 m thick) with 100 to 10-4 vol % particles. Their deposits include stratified, massive, normally and reversely graded beds, lobate fronts, and laterally extensive veneer facies beyond channel margins.
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    Estimating direct N2O emissions from sheep, beef, and deer grazed pastures in New Zealand hill country: accounting for the effect of land slope on N2O emission factors from urine and dung
    (Elsevier, 2015-03) Saggar SK; Giltrap DL; Davison R; Gibson R; de Klein CAM; Rollo M; Ettema P; Rys G
    Nearly one-half of New Zealand's ruminant livestock graze on hill country pastures where spatial differences in soil conditions are highly variable and excretal deposition is influenced by pasture production, animal grazing and resting behaviour that impact the nitrous oxide (N2O) emission factor from excreta (EF3). New Zealand currently uses country-specific EF3 values for urine and dung of 0.01 and 0.0025, respectively, to estimate direct N2O emissions from excreta. These values have largely been developed from trials on flat pastoral land. The use of the same EF3 for hill pasture with medium and steep slopes has been recognised as a possible source of overestimation of N2O emissions in New Zealand. The objectives of this study were to develop and describe an approach that takes into account the effects of slope in estimating hill country N2O emissions from the dung and urine of ruminant animals (sheep, beef cattle, and deer) across different slope classes, and then compare these estimates with current New Zealand inventory estimates. We use New Zealand as a case study to determine the direct N2O emissions between 1990 and 2012 from sheep, beef cattle and deer excreta using updated estimates of EF3 for sloping land, the area of land in different slope classes by region and farm type, and a nutrient transfer model to allocate excretal-N to the different slope classes, and compare the changes between these hill pastures-specific and current inventory estimates. Our findings are significant - the proposed new methodology using New Zealand specific EFs calculated from a national series of hill country experiments resulted in 52% lower N2O estimates relative to using current inventory emission factors, for the period between 1990 and 2012 and reduces New Zealand's total national agricultural N2O greenhouse inventory estimates by 16%. The improved methodology is transparent, and complete, and has improved accuracy of emission estimates. On this basis, the improved methodology of estimating N2O emission is recommended for adoption where hill land grasslands are grazed by sheep, beef cattle and deer.