Journal Articles

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    True Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Human Foods Classified According to Food Type as Determined in the Growing Pig
    (Elsevier Inc on behalf of the American Society for Nutrition, 2025-10-18) Hodgkinson SM; Stroebinger N; Stein HH; Fanelli NS; de Vries S; van der Wielen N; Hendriks WH; Moughan PJ
    Background: A Food and Agriculture Organization Expert Consultation recommended the use of digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) to evaluate protein quality of foods for humans. Calculation of DIAAS requires true ileal digestibility (TID) of amino acid (AA) values but currently insufficient data are available. Objectives: This study aims to generate in pigs TID of AA for a wide range of foods commonly consumed by humans and determine the range of differences in TID of AA among food types. Methods: A standardized protocol was followed to determine TID of AA in 97 foods across 3 laboratories. Female pigs (25–100 kg during study, n ≥ 6) received foods for 7 d following a Youden Square design with ileal digesta collected via T-cannula on days 6–7. Endogenous AA losses were determined by feeding a protein-free diet. Foods, diets, and digesta were analyzed for nitrogen, AA, reactive lysine, titanium and dry matter. Foods were categorized into food types with the degree of variation within each food type evaluated using descriptive statistics. Results: The TID (mean of AA) ranged from 0.247 (apples) to 0.988 (beef tenderloin). The median TID of AA was high (mean of AA > 0.90) for foods categorized as dairy products, eggs, fish and seafood, isolates and concentrates, meat, nuts, plant-based burgers, soy products and wheat products. Food categories with median TID < 0.80 were baked products, fruit, pulses and seeds, and wheat bran cereal, yeast, and zein. Food categories with low variations between foods were fish and seafood (1% units), dairy products (3% units), and eggs (5% units), whereas categories with the greatest variation were grains (18% units), vegetables (16% units), seeds (14% units), and fruit (12% units). There was considerable variation in TID for individual AA both within and among foods. Conclusions: The database with TID of AA of 97 foods generated by 3 laboratories using a standardized methodology can be utilized for protein quality evaluation.
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    In Vitro Ileal Fermentation is Affected More by the Fiber Source Fermented than the Ileal Microbial Composition in Growing Pigs
    (Elsevier Inc. on behalf of American Society for Nutrition, 2023-05) Hoogeveen AM; Moughan PJ; Hodgkinson SM; Stroebinger N; Yu W; Rettedal EA; McNabb WC; Montoya CA
    BACKGROUND: The fermentation of undigested material in the ileum is quantitatively important. However, the respective contributions of the microbial composition and the substrate to ileal fermentation are unclear. OBJECTIVE: This aim was to investigate the contribution of microbial composition and fiber source to in vitro ileal fermentation outcomes. METHODS: Thirteen ileal cannulated female pigs (Landrace/Large White; 9-wk-old; 30.5 kg body weight) were given diets containing black beans, wheat bread, chickpeas, peanuts, pigeon peas, sorghum, or wheat bran as the sole protein source for 7 d (100 g protein/kg dry matter diet). On day 7, ileal digesta were collected and stored at -80°C for microbial analysis and in vitro fermentation. For each diet, a pooled ileal inoculum was prepared to ferment different fiber sources (cellulose, pectin, arabinogalactan, inulin, fructooligosaccharides, and resistant starch) for 2 h at 37°C. Organic matter fermentability and organic acid production were determined following in vitro fermentation. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA (inoculum × fiber). RESULTS: Forty-five percent of the identified genera in the digesta differed across diets. For instance, the number of Lactococcus was 115-fold greater (P ≤ 0.05) in the digesta of pigs fed the pigeon pea diet than for pigs fed the wheat bran diet. For both in vitro organic matter fermentability and organic acid production, there were significant (P ≤ 0.05) interactions between the inoculum and the fiber source. For instance, pectin and resistant starch resulted in 1.6- to 31-fold more (P ≤ 0.05) lactic acid production when fermented by the pigeon pea inoculum than other inocula. For specific fiber sources, statistically significant correlations were found between the number of bacteria from certain members of the ileal microbial community and fermentation outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Both the fiber source fermented and the ileal microbial composition of the growing pig affected in vitro fermentation; however, the effect of the fiber source was predominant.Curr Dev Nutr 2023;x:xx.
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    Pain Management in Farm Animals: Focus on Cattle, Sheep and Pigs
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-05-21) Steagall PV; Bustamante H; Johnson CB; Turner PV; Small A
    Pain causes behavioral, autonomic, and neuroendocrine changes and is a common cause of animal welfare compromise in farm animals. Current societal and ethical concerns demand better agricultural practices and improved welfare for food animals. These guidelines focus on cattle, sheep, and pigs, and present the implications of pain in terms of animal welfare and ethical perspectives, and its challenges and misconceptions. We provide an overview of pain management including assessment and treatment applied to the most common husbandry procedures, and recommendations to improve animal welfare in these species. A cost-benefit analysis of pain mitigation is discussed for food animals as well as the use of pain scoring systems for pain assessment in these species. Several recommendations are provided related to husbandry practices that could mitigate pain and improve farm animal welfare. This includes pain assessment as one of the indicators of animal welfare, the use of artificial intelligence for automated methods and research, and the need for better/appropriate legislation, regulations, and recommendations for pain relief during routine and husbandry procedures.
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    Is transportation a risk factor for African swine fever transmission in Australia: a review
    (John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australian Veterinary Association, 2021-11-02) Neumann EJ; Hall WF; Dahl J; Hamilton D; Kurian A
    African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease of the pigs that was first described in Africa during the early part of the twentieth century. The disease has periodically occurred outside of Africa, including an ongoing epidemic in Europe and Asia that started in 2007; the disease has never occurred in Australia or New Zealand. Once introduced into a country, spread can occur through direct and indirect routes of transmission. Infected feral pig populations have the potential to act as a long-term reservoir for the virus, making eradication difficult. Just before and throughout the period of clinical signs, ASF virus is shed in oronasal fluids, urine, faeces and blood. This results in contamination of the pig's environment, including flooring, equipment and vehicles. Transportation-related risk factors therefore are likely to play an important role in ASF spread, though evidence thus far has been largely anecdotal. In addition to the existing AUSVETPLAN ASF plan, efforts should be made to improve transportation biosecurity, from the time a pig leaves the farm to its destination. Collection of data that could quantify the capabilities and capacity of Australia to clean and disinfect livestock trucks would help to determine if private and/or public sector investment should be made in this area of biosecurity. No peer-reviewed research was identified that described a specific process for cleaning and disinfecting a livestock truck known to be contaminated with ASF virus, though literature suggests that transportation is an important route of transmission for moving the virus between farms and countries.
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    The effects of ruminant milk treatments on hippocampal, striatal, and prefrontal cortex gene expression in pigs as a model for the human infant
    (Frontiers Media S.A., 2022-08-15) Jena A; Montoya CA; Young W; Mullaney JA; Roy D; Dilger RN; Giezenaar C; McNabb WC; Roy NC; Lim CK
    While infant formula is usually bovine milk-based, interest in other ruminant milk-based formulas is growing. However, whether different ruminant milk treatments with varying nutrient compositions influence the infant's brain development remains unknown. The aim was to determine the effects of consuming bovine, caprine, or ovine milk on brain gene expression in the early postnatal period using a pig model of the human infant. Starting at postnatal day 7 or 8, pigs were exclusively fed bovine, ovine, or caprine milk for 15 days. The mRNA abundance of 77 genes in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum regions was measured at postnatal day 21 or 22 using NanoString. The expression level of two hippocampal and nine striatal genes was most affected by milk treatments, particularly ovine milk. These modulatory genes are involved in glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonin, adrenaline and neurotrophin signaling and the synaptic vesicle cycle. The expression level of genes involved in gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling was associated with pigs' lactose intake. In contrast, milk treatments did not affect the mRNA abundance of the genes in the prefrontal cortex. This study provides the first evidence of the association of different ruminant milk treatments with brain gene expression related to cognitive function in the first 3 months of postnatal life.
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    Post-natal development of EEG responses to noxious stimulation in pigs (Sus scrofa) aged 1-15 days
    (Ingenta on behalf of the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW), 1/08/2019) Kells NJ; Beausoleil NJ; Sutherland MA; Johnson CB
    This study examined electroencephalographic (EEG) indices of acute nociception in pigs (Sus scrofa) aged 1, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 15 days, post-natal. Ten pigs per age were anaesthetised with halothane in oxygen and maintained at a light plane of anaesthesia. EEG was recorded bilaterally using a five-electrode montage. Following a 10-min baseline period, tails were docked using side-cutter pliers and recording continued for a further 5 min. Changes in the median frequency (F50), 95% spectral edge frequency (F95) and total power (PTOT) of the EEG were used to assess nociception. Tail-docking at one day of age induced no significant changes in the EEG spectrum. A typical nociceptive response, characterised by an increase in F50 and decrease in PTOT, was evident at ten days of age, with five and seven day old pigs exhibiting responses in either F50 or PTOT only. Pooling of data into ≤ 7 days of age and > 7 days of age revealed F50 was higher overall in the older group. Whilst PTOT decreased after docking in both groups, this response was larger and more prolonged in the older group. F95 increased after docking in the older pigs only. Overall, these data provide evidence of an increase in cortical responsiveness to noxious stimulation with increasing post-natal age, suggesting there may be qualitative differences in pain perception between age groups. Further, the data provide some support for current recommendations that tail-docking and other painful husbandry procedures be performed within seven days of birth in order to minimise their impact on animal welfare.
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    Isolates, Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles and Multidrug Resistance of Bacteria Cultured from Pig Submissions in New Zealand
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 14/08/2020) Riley CB; Chidgey KL; Bridges JP; Gordon E; Lawrence KE
    Data on the scope of bacterial pathogens present and the frequency of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in New Zealand's pigs are limited. This study describes bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility data, and multidrug resistance (MDR; resistance to ≥3 antimicrobial classes) from New Zealand pig submissions. Porcine test data from June 2003 to February 2016 were obtained from commercial veterinary pathology laboratory records. In total, 470/477 unique submissions resulted in bacterial growth, yielding 779 isolates. Sample type was recorded for 360/477 (75.5%); lung (79/360; 21.9%), faecal (61/360; 16.9%) and intestinal (45/360; 12.5%) were most common. The most common isolates were Escherichia coli (186/779, 23.9%), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (43/779; 5.5%), Streptococcus suis (43/779; 5.5%), unidentified Campylobacter spp. (38/779; 4.9%), alpha haemolytic Streptococci (32/779; 4.1%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus spp. (26/779; 3.3%), and Pasteurella multocida (25/779; 3.2%). Susceptibility results were available for 141/779 (18.1%) isolates from 62/470 (13.2%) submissions. Most were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulphonamide (75/81; 92.6%), but fewer were susceptible to penicillin (37/77; 48.1%), tilmicosin (18/43; 41.9%), or tetracyclines (41/114; 36.0%). No susceptibility data were available for Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., or Yersinia spp. isolates. MDR was present in 60/141 (42.6%) isolates. More data on sample submission drivers, antimicrobial drug use, and susceptibilities of important porcine bacterial isolates are required to inform guidelines for prudent antimicrobial use, to reduce their prevalence, human transmission, and to minimise AMR and MDR.