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- ItemHow indigenous systems and emergent leadership in the tourism sector in Vanuatu contribute to resilience in the face of shocks : a research report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of International Development at Massey University Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa, New Zealand(Massey University, 2024-03-10) Gadsby, WadeThe Covid-19 pandemic severely challenged the tourism-dependent economies of Small Island States. Vanuatu’s international borders were closed for two years and, with tourism income making up almost half of the country's GDP, the people of Vanuatu had to adapt to survive. Historically, Pacific Island nations have adapted and worked well through crisis events, and this study examines how Pacific people have utilised Indigenous resilience systems to respond to recent shocks. In particular, it examines how ‘emergent leadership’, defined in the literature as managing uncertainty and mitigating crisis factors (Hunt, 2019), can help to achieve resilience in the face of crises. The research sought to define key components of both emergent leadership and resilience in the tourism sphere in Vanuatu, and it highlighted the role that emergent leadership plays within the Tourism Resilience Framework – a novel approach to operationalising an Indigenous values set in the tourism sphere. This research found that there were certain key factors that contributed to resilience in Pacific contexts, specifically: traditional knowledge (kastom nolej); the informal economy (kastom ekonomi); and Plan B (vanua). These factors have been central to past adaptation in the face of crises and could inform future responses to shocks and stressors. It also found that emergent leadership materialises in a crisis, showcasing the traits of a comprehensive understanding of the situation, adaptability, passion, and also through the use of storytelling as a means to convey change – particularly in the instances of slow-burn crises. The interaction of emergent leadership's traits and key factors of resilience are portrayed through a pawpaw tree metaphor, illustrating how they inform the necessary elements of effective adaptation in the face of shocks and stressors
- ItemRed flags in recruitment : communicative impacts of ambivalent sexism on women in a simulated recruitment scenario : a research project presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Communication at Massey University, Albany Campus, New Zealand(Massey University, 2021) Robertson, StephanieThis paper explores the communicative impacts of ambivalently sexist communication on self-identified women with varying strengths of gender identity through the vignette of a simulated recruitment scenario. 90 participants completed an online survey assessing their strength of gender identity before watching a video of a recruiter containing no sexist communication, hostilely sexist communication, or benevolently sexist communication (using Glick and Fiske’s 1996 theory of ambivalent sexism). They then completed assessments around their anticipations of contact quality and reluctant accommodation with the recruiter and their trust in the recruiter based on the video they watched. The results were analysed in SPSS using the PROCESS macro. Both hostilely sexist communication and benevolently sexist communication yielded significant decreases in anticipated contact quality and trust when compared to the control (no sexism) group. Both sexism conditions also resulted in significant increases in expectation of the need for reluctantly accommodating behaviour. No significant effect was found for strength of gender identity as a moderating variable. These results are broadly consistent with other research into ambivalent sexism, but provide a unique communications-based lens through which to view its impacts.
- ItemNeurodivergence and marginalised gender - a thematic analysis of womens’ and gender-diverse peoples’ experiences of ASD and ADHD : a research report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (Honours) in Psychology at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand(Massey University, 2023) Goodman, Jessica MayIt is widely known that women are diagnosed with ADHD and ASD at much lower rates than men – however, this may not be due to actual differences in prevalence rates. One suggested way of tackling this issue, is by looking at neurodevelopmental disorders through a neurodiversity lens, rather than simply a bio-medical lens, and normalising self-identification and more collaborative, bottom-up approaches to creating clinical knowledge and diagnostic criteria. Neurodiversity is a fairly new and rapidly developing concept, and there are wide-ranging interpretations of what it exactly refers to. The aim of this research project was to conduct a thematic media analysis of mainstream online media content (blogs and news articles) created by or about people of marginalised genders (women and gender-diverse people) with ADHD and/or ASD and looking at their perspectives and experiences of neurodivergence. This project takes a Social Constructionist approach and is aligned with the values of Neurodiversity Paradigm and the Social Model of Disability. The findings of the project included the following themes: ‘Gendered Differences – Experiences of Neurodivergent Women and Gender-Diverse People’; ‘Education and Awareness’; ‘Intersectional Inequity’; and ‘Neurodivergent Identity’. There is significant value to this online media content: gives a sense of community, helps increase awareness and decrease stigma, gives lived experiences a platform. The implications of this research are that it becomes clear the value of Walker’s (2021) Neurodiversity Paradigm and the value of the ‘neurodivergent’ self-identity label for many NDMG. Until DSM criteria of ADHD and ASD better reflect the experiences of ADHD and ASD women and gender-diverse people, and until society treats such people more equitably and kindly, it is unsurprising that these people are seeking out their own strengths-based identity.
- ItemEm-power lifting : a case study of women’s weightlifting in Aotearoa : a research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of International Development, Institute of Development Studies, School of People, Environment and Planning, Te Kunenga Ki Pūrehuroa – Massey University Aotearoa New Zealand(Massey University, 2022) Ogilvy, Jamie R. I.Through application of an Indigenous (Māori) informed theoretical framing, articulated as Mana Wāhine values, this research report explores the phenomenon of weightlifting with Indigenous (Māori) women from Aotearoa New Zealand, as a vehicle for empowerment. The research project was guided by two main research questions, firstly, what is the role of weightlifting in developing personal, relational, and collective empowerment for Aotearoa New Zealand Indigenous (Māori) women? Secondly, how does this empowerment align with strengthening the values, understood as Mana Wāhine values, of Indigenous (Māori) women? Data was collected via in-depth semi-structured interviews, nine wāhine (female) participants and one tane (male) participant. All participants were aged between 20 – 50 years old and had been participating in strength sports as an athlete or coach or both; six female and one male who were current or past Olympic weightlifters, two female strong women competitors and one power lifter. All participants were of Māori decent or coached wāhine Māori or were allies/accomplices (Whitinui, 2021) of Māori women in strength sport. Findings suggest that weightlifting and strength-based training enhanced the development of the self, increased body satisfaction thus positivity towards body image because women identifying as feeling physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually strong and thus powerful. Their ability to set and achieve goals was enhanced and this carried over into other areas of life. While seemingly an individual sport, feelings of belonging and camaraderie indicated better relational empowerment, as well as collective empowerment due to being part of the lifting community and subscribing to a similar kaupapa. In terms of how these changes aligned with Mana Wāhine values, wāhine spoke about having a sense of authority, notions of manaakitanga and giving back to others and the kaupapa of strong wāhine. Overall, this research highlights that strength-based sport like weightlifting can be a vehicle for personal, relational, and collective empowerment with these elements lending themselves towards strengthening Mana Wāhine values. Of great importance here was the transformative implications noted for women. However, any broader transformative impacts beyond the individuals will require the ongoing challenges of predetermined ideologies i.e., stereotypes of women not being strong, or norms, rules, exclusionary practices and under resourcing, for example, which sees women’s lifting to be situated at the margins. Empowerment of the individual is all well and good, but the individual can only go so far. “Empowerment requires changes to systems, rules, and norms, which undermine large groups of people [Māori women], as well as changes at the level of the individual” (Scheyvens, 2020, p. 120).
- ItemA soil-landscape model of Blind River/Otuwhero, Marlborough : a case study(Massey University, 2024) Oliver, MattSoils form in complex, four-dimensional, dynamic systems across landscapes. The role of a pedologist is to explore and describe the complexity and variability of soils within that landscape. The most common method used to document soils in the landscape is the soil map. Modern soil mapping has migrated to digital platforms where a much greater range of soil attribute information can be delivered at more appropriate scales. However, often soil mapping projects are carried out without specific reference to the landforms that the studied soils lie upon, in other words a soil-landscape model (S-LM) is often not included with the finished mapping outputs. The inclusion of an explicit soil-landscape model alongside a soil map is important for several reasons such as prediction of variability in soils across a landscape, reduction is survey costs, maintenance of an historic record and development of soil attribute mapping that allows interpolation of soil properties across the landscape rather than confining and defining soils into ‘crisp’ soil polygons. Map users who understand the S-LM can apply its principles across the wider landscape and to smaller landforms than would otherwise be captured on a broader-scale soil map. This study reviews soil-landscape modelling literature then combines Geographic Information System analysis with field work to establish a S-LM for the Blind River / Otuwhero region of Marlborough, New Zealand.
- ItemThe United Nations Declaration for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and te reo Māori : is the Aotearoa New Zealand government fulfilling its responsibilities? : a research report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Development, Institute of Development Studies, School of People, Environment and Planning, Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa, Massey University, Manawatū, Aotearoa New Zealand(Massey University, 2024) Mato, Paula JaneTe reo Māori is the Indigenous language of Aotearoa New Zealand, and its survival and revitalisation is of paramount importance to Māori and others who commit to the language, and to te reo Māori having a rightful place in the fabric of Aotearoa New Zealand society. International Indigenous rights instruments, such as the United Nations Declaration for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), are one mechanism through which Indigenous languages such as te reo Māori can be protected and revitalised. An important part of implementing such mechanisms is the establishment of monitoring and evaluation tools to ensure that progress (or lack thereof) towards implementation is tracked. Through an Indigenous rights and Kaupapa Māori lens, this research report seeks to determine the extent to which the Aotearoa New Zealand government’s approach to the revitalisation of te reo Māori, aligns with its responsibilities as a signatory to the UNDRIP. Three research questions are posed. Firstly, what responsibilities does the Aotearoa New Zealand government have as a signatory to the UNDRIP? Secondly, what has been the Aotearoa New Zealand government’s approach to the revitalisation of te reo Māori? Thirdly, how has the Aotearoa New Zealand government’s approach to te reo Māori revitalisation aligned (or not) with its responsibilities as a signatory to the UNDRIP? This research used a document analysis as its primary method. An UNDRIP Compliance Assessment Tool developed in Canada by Smith & Mitchell (2020) was adapted to assess the government in Aotearoa New Zealand’s compliance with selected UNDRIP articles as it relates to te reo Māori. When looking at the performance of government here, the overall assessment is that there is evidence of some good practice albeit within the boundaries and systems of the state. For the Aotearoa New Zealand government to fully meet its responsibilities under the UNDRIP, there would need to be more of an effort to support Māori to lead the protection and revitalisation of te reo Māori (through self-determination). However, this is unlikely to happen in the current political environment. The current National-led coalition government has made clear its unwillingness to provide support for either te reo Māori or for progressing the UNDRIP implementation plan – He Puapua. Similar research or an evaluation undertaken in three plus years’ time would help uncover the likely negative impact of this policy position, on both the revitalisation of te reo Māori and on progressing Indigenous rights through the UNDRIP in this country.
- ItemChildren's voices in the Family Court : a document analysis of Judges' decisions : a thesis report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Social Policy at Massey University, Manawatu, Aotearoa(Massey University, 2020) Norris, Catherine MaryFamily court decisions have a long-term effect on children’s lives. Research has found that children’s wellbeing is enhanced when they are involved in family law decision-making. Having the opportunity to express their views is a protective factor and provides a sense of empowerment, leading to improved outcomes. Children’s participation in Family Court proceedings in Aotearoa is legislated for through section 6 of the Care of Children Act, 2004. Section 6 provides for their voices to be heard and their views to be taken into account. This research, located in a qualitative approach, explored the significance of children’s voices in Family Court proceedings in Aotearoa as documented in seven Family Court decisions from 2016 to 2019. The research found that judges regarded ascertaining a child’s views as taking account of them. A further finding was that a child’s age and the Judge’s perception of their maturity were determining factors in whether judges considered children’s views. Additionally, a range of practices, including prioritising the child’s best interests principles over the child’s voice, acted as barriers to children’s participation. This research recommends further large-scale research to ascertain whether section 6 of the Care of Children Act is being consistently and adequately applied. Recommendations for better practice include: mandatory and formulaic reporting of the process undertaken when accounting for children’s views within decisions; robust and external accountability that includes comparing files against decisions to ensure that children’s voices are being heard and accounted for as intended; the best interests principles contained within section 5 of the Care of Children Act extended to include hearing the views of children subject to proceedings and the views of young children being ascertained through specialist interviewers including and increasing visibility of children’s voices in Family Court proceedings.
- Item‘Nobody in the Air Force had any idea’ : understanding the origins and the early development of the aircraft collection of the Air Force Museum of New Zealand : a research report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Museum Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2023) Moremon, JohnThe Air Force Museum of Zealand was opened on 1 April 1987, originally as the Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum. This research report is a historical study of the museum’s early development. It identifies early thwarted attempts by members of the Air Force to establish a historical collection and then traces the decade-long Air Force project that resulted in the first the establishment of a RNZAF Historical Centre and finally the opening of the RNZAF Museum on the fiftieth anniversary of the Air Force’s creation. As the museum project was implemented only in the late 1970s, the RNZAF missed opportunities to ensure the preservation of certain historic aircraft and other relics. As a consequence, museum collecting and exhibition policies (particularly around aircraft) were shaped in large measure by a need to plug perceived gaps in the historical collection, particularly in relation to World War II and the early Cold War periods, with at times less emphasis placed on the provenance of airframes. This was in line with the approaches taken by several air force museums worldwide in this same period. While the late development of the museum required some compromises, the establishment of the RNZAF Museum must nevertheless be recognised as an achievement by dedicated and enthusiastic service members who possessed no prior experience of museum development.
- ItemWomen's empowerment : a case study on the Female Community Health Volunteer programme in Balkumari, Nepal : a research project presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters in International Development, Massey University, New Zealand(Massey University, 2023) Thompson, FrancescaThe Female Community Health Volunteer (FCHV) Programme in Nepal is considered the backbone of the national health system. With over 52,000 female volunteers trained across the country, they have gained the ability to provide intimate support to mothers and young children, acting as the interface between community and national health (MoHP, 2014, p. 23). As Nepal is a patriarchal nation, women’s and children’s health can often be not prioritised or dismissed. Prioritising women’s health is linked with women’s empowerment and a step towards addressing poverty. This study focuses on one NGO, the FCHV Programme that works towards women’s health, and aims at understanding in what areas the programme actively works towards women’s empowerment. The FCHV programme operates with female volunteers, whose responsibility is working with women that need health support. This study is framed within a gender and development context. It utilises a qualitative methodology and an empowerment framework to explore how the FCHV programme operates within a local Nepalese context, and in what ways the programme includes empowerment of women. The primary research method applied were semi-structured interviews throughout the seven-weeks of fieldwork in the village of Balkumari in Bardiya District. This study found that despite a lack of financial remuneration, the female volunteers in Balkumari have had some empowering experiences through the education they received. By sharing their education within the community, other women also benefited. In the process, the women experienced increased self-esteem and social status.
- ItemThe effects of COVID-19 on ni-Vanuatu workers in New Zealand’s Recognised Seasonal Employer scheme : a research report presented in partial fulfilment of requirements for the degree of Master of International Development at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2023) Tonkin, CameronOn March 11, 2020, the United Nations World Health Organisation declared the COVID-19 virus a global pandemic, initiating widespread government-imposed restrictions affecting peoples’ mobility, social engagement and livelihoods (United Nations, 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted global structural inequalities and recognised the importance of migrant workers in their contributions to the global economy (International Labour Organisation, 2021). This context has placed increased recognition on the temporary migration policies that facilitate mobility and their evolution over time (International Labour Organisation, 2021). For temporary workers, participation under these policies had placed restrictions on their already limited social integration and has had an undeniable restrain on their labour rights (Rosewarne, 2010). Temporary workers are often not eligible to access the social and economic safety nets provided to national residents, which has exacerbated their vulnerability from the impacts of the pandemic (Mukumbang, 2021). This study aims to explore how ni-Vanuatu participants in the New Zealand’s Recognised Seasonal Employer (RSE) scheme have exercised agency during the pandemic. This research has focused on workers in Te Puke, New Zealand. The exploration of their lived experiences is harnessed through a qualitative approach and methods that have facilitated discussion in semi-structured interviews along with personal observations and reflections. The research findings demonstrate RSE scheme stakeholders consisting of RSE employers, local community organisations and respective national governments have made concerted efforts at the initial stages of the pandemic to engage RSE participants and provide the means to sustain themselves. However, as the pandemic had continued, ni-Vanuatu workers shifted their focus towards personal responsibility to supporting themselves and helping other workers. This research shows that even in the most restrictive environments, ni-Vanuatu RSE scheme participants as individuals are conscious and capable of making decisions for themselves. Contributions of this research could be reflected in the design and implementation of the RSE scheme post-pandemic to allow participants to define their needs and promote a better understanding of their experiences.
