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Item A blinded, placebo-controlled study on the clinical effects of vitamin E supplementation in dogs with osteoarthritis(Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine., 2023-07-31) Gordon CL; Reeves SJ; Burchell RK; Thomson C; Gal A; Lopez-Villalobos N; Webster NSL; Litster KM; Mitchell RASBACKGROUND: Vitamin E has a positive effect in the management of osteoarthritis in humans, and in a previous study of dogs. It has been suggested to decrease C-reactive protein concentrations and liver enzyme activities in humans and animals. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of vitamin E supplementation on lameness, pain, pain medication requirement, clinical pathology variables, and quality of life in large-breed dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. ANIMALS: Fifty-seven client-owned dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis. METHODS: Dogs received either vitamin E or placebo for 90 days in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, prospective clinical trial. Clinical lameness scores, pain medication requirements, and owner questionnaires were used to assess response to treatment every 30 days. Blood samples were collected at enrollment and at the end of the study period. RESULTS: Vitamin E administration did not improve pain, lameness, or quality of life as assessed by owners and veterinarians. Vitamin E supplementation did not decrease the requirement for rescue pain relief. No changes in clinical pathology variables were observed after 90 days of vitamin E supplementation. Body weight was negatively associated with the lameness scores and requirement for rescue pain relief. CONCLUSION: Vitamin E supplementation did not have any observable positive effects in dogs with naturally occurring osteoarthritis.Item The Efficacy of New Zealand Greenshell™ Mussel Powder Supplementation in Supporting Muscle Recovery Following Eccentric Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Healthy, Untrained Adult Males(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-05-15) Lomiwes D; Barnes M; Shaw O; Ngametua N; Sawyer G; Burr N; Hedderley D; Kanon A; Bear T; Carroll A; Bentley_Hewitt K; Tian HS; Miller MR; Nieman DCUnaccustomed eccentric exercise results in muscle damage limiting physical performance for several days. This study investigated if Greenshell™ mussel (GSM) powder consumption expedited muscle recovery from eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Methods: Twenty untrained adult men were recruited into a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study and were randomly assigned to receive the GSM powder or placebo treatment first. Participants consumed their allocated intervention for four weeks then completed a bench-stepping exercise that induced muscle damage to the eccentrically exercised leg. Muscle function, soreness and biomarkers of muscle damage, oxidative stress and inflammation were measured before exercise, immediately after exercise and 24, 48 and 72 h post exercise. GSM powder promoted muscle function recovery, significantly improving (p < 0.05) isometric and concentric peak torque at 48 h and 72 h post exercise, respectively. Participants on the GSM treatment had faster dissipation of soreness, with significant treatment × time interactions for affective (p = 0.007) and Visual Analogue Scale-assessed pain (p = 0.018). At 72 h, plasma creatine kinase concentrations in the GSM group were lower (p < 0.05) compared with the placebo group. This study provides evidence for GSM powder being effective in supporting muscle recovery from EIMD.Item Nutrition-Based Strategies to Reduce Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and Soreness(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-05-29) Barnes MExercise induced-muscle damage (EIMD) occurs after strenuous and/or novel exercise that involves repeated eccentric contractions [...].Item Prevalence of pain and its associated factors among the oldest-olds in different care settings – results of the AgeQualiDe study(BioMed Central Ltd, 2018) Mallon T; Ernst A; Brettschneider C; König H-H; Luck T; Röhr S; Weyerer S; Werle J; Mösch E; Weeg D; Fuchs A; Pentzek M; Kleineidam L; Heser K; Riedel-Heller S; Maier W; Wiese B; Scherer M; AgeCoDe & AgeQualiDe study groupBackground The prevalence of pain is very common in the oldest age group. Managing pain successfully is a key topic in primary care, especially within the ageing population. Different care settings might have an impact on the prevalence of pain and everyday life. Methods Participants from the German longitudinal cohort study on Needs, Health Service Use, Costs and Health-related Quality of Life in a large Sample of Oldest-old Primary Care Patients (85+) (AgeQualiDe) were asked to rate their severity of pain as well as the impairment with daily activities. Besides gender, age, education, BMI and use of analgesics we focused on the current housing situation and on cognitive state. Associations of the dependent measures were tested using four ordinal logistic regression models. Model 1 and 4 consisted of the overall sample, model 2 and 3 were divided according to no cognitive impairment (NCI) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Results Results show a decline in pain at very old age but nonetheless a high prevalence among the 85+ year olds. Sixty-three per cent of the participants report mild to severe pain and 69% of the participants mild to extreme impairment due to pain with daily activities. Use of analgesics, depression and living at home with care support are significantly associated with higher and male gender with lower pain ratings. Conclusions Sufficient pain management among the oldest age group is inevitable. Outpatient care settings are at risk of overlooking pain. Therefore focus should be set on pain management in these settings.Item Factors associated with self-reported health among New Zealand military veterans: a cross-sectional study(BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2022-05-25) McBride D; Samaranayaka A; Richardson A; Gardner D; Shepherd D; Wyeth E; de Graaf B; Derrett SObjective To identify factors associated with better or poorer self-reported health status in New Zealand military Veterans. Design A cross-sectional survey. Participants The participants of interest were the 3874 currently serving Veterans who had been deployed to a conflict zone, but all Veterans were eligible to participate. Study variables The EQ-5D-5L, asking about problems across five dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain or discomfort and anxiety or depression), with five levels of severity (eg, no, slight, moderate, severe or extreme problems), also containing a Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) to self-assess health state, scaled from 0 (worst) to 100 (best) imagined health. Hypothetical relationships with better health were positive social support, sleep and psychological flexibility; with poorer health, post-traumatic stress, exposure to psychological trauma, distress and hazardous drinking. Results The EQ5-D-5L was completed by 1767 Veterans, 1009 serving, a response rate of 26% from that group, 1767 completing the EQ5-D, 1458 who had deployed, 288 who had not and the 21 who did not provide deployment data. Of these, 247 were not used in the analysis due to missing values in one or more variables, leaving 1520 for analysis. A significantly higher proportion of Veterans reported ‘any problems’ rather than ‘no problems’ with four EQ-5D dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities and pain or discomfort, but no difference in anxiety or depression. Age, length of service, deployment, psychological flexibility and better sleep quality were associated with higher EQ-VAS scores; distress with lower EQ-VAS scores. Conclusion In this sample of New Zealand Veterans, psychological flexibility and good sleep are associated with better self-rated health, and distress and poor sleep with diminished health. These factors might be used as sentinel health indicators in assessing Veteran health status, and cognitive–behavioural therapy encompassing these domains may be useful in improving the health of New Zealand Veterans.Item Effects of hypohydration and menstrual phase on pain : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Sport, Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2021) Tan, Beverly Wei LinChronic pain is a pervasive health problem and is associated with tremendous societal and economic costs. However, current pain treatments are often ineffective because there are multiple factors that contribute to a person’s experience of pain. Recent research showed that mild hypohydration increases experimental pain sensitivity in men, but whether this also occurs in women has not been examined. The fluctuations in ovarian hormone (i.e., 17ß-oestradiol and progesterone) concentrations throughout the menstrual cycle may influence a woman’s pain sensitivity, as well as hydration levels. Therefore, interactions between hypohydration and the menstrual phase on pain may exist. To test this hypothesis, this thesis investigated the effects of hypohydration (induced by 24 hr of fluid restriction) on ischaemic pain sensitivity in 14 healthy, eumenorrheic women during the early follicular and mid-luteal phases of their menstrual cycle. In addition, the potential efficacy of acute water ingestion as a countermeasure to the negative impact of hypohydration on pain was also examined. Blood and urinary markers of hydration status indicated that 24 hr of fluid restriction successfully induced mild hypohydration. The major finding is that mild hypohydration reduced ischaemic pain tolerance (by 34 ± 46 s; P = .02, ηp 2 = .37) and increased subjective ratings of both pain intensity (by 0.7 ± 0.7 cm; P = .004; ηp 2 = .55) and pain unpleasantness (0.7 ± 0.9 cm; P = .02; ηp 2 = .40), irrespective of menstrual phase. Menstrual phase had no apparent effect on pain sensitivity or on hydration status. Acute water ingestion decreased thirst sensation (by 2.3 ± 0.9 cm; P < .001, ηp 2 = .88) but did not reverse the hyperalgesic effects of hypohydration. The effects of hypohydration on pain sensitivity were not explained by differences in state anxiety levels or mood state. In conclusion, the findings from this thesis extend to women, previous data in men that showed increases in pain sensitivity with mild hypohydration. This thesis also provides strong evidence that the menstrual phase does not influence pain sensitivity, after hydration status was controlled, the influence of potential confounders was minimised, and when menstrual phases were accurately verified. Lastly, these findings underscore the importance of ingesting fluids regularly throughout the day to maintain adequate hydration and avoid dehydration, especially for individuals experiencing pain.Item "It's embarrassing that my own body betrays me" : a critical thematic analysis of young women's accounts of painful sexual intercourse with men : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Psychology (Endorsement in Health Psychology) at Massey University, Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand(Massey University, 2019) Lavò, Belinda RosellaRecurrent pain during sexual intercourse is a prevalent yet stigmatised health issue that impacts almost a fifth of young women who have sex with men. Despite its significant effects on subjectivity construction, the majority of research on chronic coital pain has focused on causation and treatment from a medical perspective. Psychological studies that have examined women’s experiences of painful sexual intercourse have largely ignored young women as a particularly vulnerable group, only including those who have been given a medical diagnosis and who identify as heterosexual. Additionally, the theoretical underpinnings of prior research regularly places the issue of coital pain at the level of the woman, with little consideration of the cultural and social environment within which she exists. In the current study, I was interested in exploring how heteronormative ideals regarding sexuality and gender in Aotearoa New Zealand shape how young women with chronic coital pain understand themselves and their experiences, along with the subsequent possibilities available to them. I adopted the theoretical framework of feminist poststructuralism to make visible the particular ways of being and behaving that gender discourses allow and inhibit. My study used an anonymous online qualitative survey to gather data from 108 Aotearoa New Zealand women between the ages of 18 and 30 who regularly experience pain during penetrative sex with men. I undertook a constructionist thematic analysis, taking a deductive and critical approach to the interpretation of data, and applied the main principles of feminist poststructuralism to make sense of the themes generated. From my analysis, I identified a key theoretical concept known as the coital imperative. Six main themes were constructed from my data – 4 that supported the coital imperative and 2 that resisted it. These included: (1) the ‘hotblooded male’; (2) ‘good girls’ don’t rock the boat; (3) the neoliberal postfeminist woman; (4) failed femininity; (5) resisting the coital imperative; and (6) alternative gender constructions in heterosexual relations. The findings of my study suggest that women readily draw on heteronormative ideals of gender and sexuality when constructing their subjectivities and frequently prioritise the needs of their male partners ahead of their own experience of pleasure. However, the visible adoption of egalitarian/feminist discourse that resists the coital imperative enables women to renegotiate conceptualisations of sex, allowing for equal pleasure and emotional satisfaction. As such, I argue that by unpacking the taken-for-granted assumptions of normative ideals, women are able to construct subjectivities based on adequacy and selfworth.Item Distraction and the processing of pain : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University(Massey University, 1991) Petrie, Susan MareeDistraction is useful for increasing pain thresholds and tolerances and reducing ratings of acute pain and is often incorporated in pain management programmes for chronic pain. However, its usefulness for chronic pain management is questionable. Rosenstiel and Keefe (1983) and Turner and Clancy (1986) both found that chronic pain patients who scored high on the Diverting Attention and Praying factor of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire also had high average pain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the utility of distraction for 8 male and 12 female chronic low back pain subjects in acute and chronic pain conditions. It was hypothesised that for the chronic pain condition distraction would not be effective in reducing pain ratings or increasing pain tolerances as the chronic pain perception has over time, come to be automatically processed. Under such circumstances distraction would not be effective as there would be no competition with pain processing for the limited attentional resources. Distraction however, would be effective in reducing acute pain as acute pain is of short duration and likely to be a controlled process. By implication, the third hypothesis proposed that chronic pain and acute pain are processed differently by chronic pain sufferers with the utility of distraction differing accordingly. Subjects did the cold presser test for the acute pain conditions, and a step-up exercise for the chronic pain conditions. These conditions were done with and without a shadowing distraction task. A post-test questionnaire was completed at the end of the study. Pain measures were pain ratings, pain tolerances, and also the number of step ups for the chronic pain conditions. Results showed that no effect of distraction on pain tolerances and post-test pain ratings. Not only was distraction found ineffective for chronic pain as hypothesised, but it was also ineffective for acute pain management. There was no interaction effect of distraction with acute/chronic pain to support the third hypothesis. Pain ratings and pain tolerances were significantly different between pain conditions. Automatic processes are generally not effected by simultaneous controlled processes. The results from this study suggest that chronic pain may have developed over time into an automatic process as the distraction task had no effect on the pain measures, and there was no loss in accuracy on the distraction task across the chronic pain condition. Acute pain however should not have developed into an automatic process as it is of short duration and variably mapped. The ineffectiveness of distraction in dealing with acute pain suggests that maybe the subjects have become hypervigilant to all pain sensations, or that distraction loses its effectiveness over time. The outcome of this study highlights the need to both determine the active components of cognitive strategies for chronic pain management and to investigate further the processing of chronic pain.Item Psychological aspects of arthritis : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University(Massey University, 1985) Crawford, Bryan RodneyResearch was conducted with two groups of arthritic patients: patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and patients with Spondyloarthritis (SA). A chronic pain, non-inflammatory disease group of patients with Osteoarthritis, and a pain-free sample of normal people were used as controls. All groups were tested with a test battery, the items of which were analyzed to identify items indicating psychopathology but which were also related to disease process. The test battery comprised questions requesting demographic information, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDKH), Osgood's Self Concept Scale and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ). Hypotheses investigated were that: anxiety, depression and hostility were all elevated in arthritics compared with patients with other chronic painful disorders and pain-free controls; that anxiety, depression and hostility were all elevated in people with classical RA compared with patients with SA; that current level of pain enhances the levels of anxiety, depression and hostility in all subjects; that self concept as an indicator of coping skills moderates the levels of anxiety, depression and hostility. An analysis of variance procedure was used to find significant differences between groups. A scheffe test was used as a conservative procedure. Regression analyses were used to investigate the hypotheses that pain and self concept moderated anxiety, depression and hostility. The hypotheses were partially confirmed by the results. Patients with SA were significantly more anxious and all patient groups were significantly more depressed when compared with controls, however, in general patients were no more hostile when compared with pain-free controls. Pain enhanced depression and guilt but not anxiety or any of the other hostility variables. Self concept moderated anxiety, depression and hostility. Questions in tests were disease-related and resulted in the over-diagnosis of depression. The need for longitudinal research and research into coping skills was discussed.Item The relationship between perceptions of recovery and pain beliefs in occupational overuse syndrome : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University(Massey University, 2001) Allison, LucindaOccupational Overuse Syndrome (OOS or RSI) is an umbrella term for a range of conditions characterised by pain and discomfort in the soft tissues and muscle weakness. Cognitive-behavioural theory suggests that the beliefs of people in pain can influence their functioning and research findings support a relationship between pain beliefs and levels of pain and functioning. However there has been little research into how beliefs influence recovery from the range of OOS conditions. The main goals of this study were to examine the relationship between pain beliefs and recovery and between pain and functioning. Sixty-four people with OOS completed questionnaires to determine their pain beliefs and levels of pain and functioning. Correlations provided little support for a relationship between beliefs and recovery but supported a relationship between pain and functioning. This study highlighted the limitations of the beliefs research and recommended that future research investigate the influence of the interaction of beliefs and treatment on recovery. It also highlighted the importance of distinguishing between the different types of OOS rather than treating them all as the same condition.