GCN2 in Viral Defence and the Subversive Tactics Employed by Viruses
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Date
2024-07-01
Open Access Location
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Elsevier Ltd
Rights
(c) 2024 The Author/s
CC BY 4.0
CC BY 4.0
Abstract
The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and associated COVID19 disease illustrates the important role of viral defence mechanisms in ensuring survival and recovery of the host or patient. Viruses absolutely depend on the host's protein synthesis machinery to replicate, meaning that impeding translation is a powerful way to counteract viruses. One major approach used by cells to obstruct protein synthesis is to phosphorylate the alpha subunit of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2α). Mammals possess four different eIF2α-kinases: PKR, HRI, PEK/PERK, and GCN2. While PKR is currently considered the principal eIF2α-kinase involved in viral defence, the other eIF2α-kinases have also been found to play significant roles. Unsurprisingly, viruses have developed mechanisms to counteract the actions of eIF2α-kinases, or even to exploit them to their benefit. While some of these virulence factors are specific to one eIF2α-kinase, such as GCN2, others target all eIF2α-kinases. This review critically evaluates the current knowledge of viral mechanisms targeting the eIF2α-kinase GCN2. A detailed and in-depth understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which viruses evade host defence mechanisms will help to inform the development of powerful anti-viral measures.
Description
Keywords
EIF2AK4, GCN2, eIF2α, integrated stress response, viral virulence factors, Humans, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Animals, Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2, Virus Replication, eIF-2 Kinase, Phosphorylation, Host-Pathogen Interactions
Citation
Gibbs VJ, Lin YH, Ghuge AA, Anderson RA, Schiemann AH, Conaglen L, Sansom BJM, da Silva RC, Sattlegger E. (2024). GCN2 in Viral Defence and the Subversive Tactics Employed by Viruses.. J Mol Biol. 436. 13. (pp. 168594-).