Development Studies
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/10564
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Item Ka Hura te Tai (The Tides of Transition) : former refugees finding a sense of belonging within Kaupapa Māori organisations : a research report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Development at Massey University, Manawatū, Aotearoa New Zealand(Massey University, 2025) Gisa, KimRefugees experience stressful, dangerous and overall life-changing events from the cause of their flight from home to their transit, and even through till their (re)settlement. It is through their difficult journeys where their sense of belonging needs to be renegotiated, even when they may be perceived as ‘safe’ and out of danger within their new place of settlement, and a sense of belonging may not occur automatically. With New Zealand taking in 1500 quota refugees annually through the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, the country seeks to help these refugees (re)settle and make Aotearoa New Zealand their new home and regain a sense of belonging. Within the context of New Zealand, while there are various organisations involved in refugee (re)settlement this research focuses on Kaupapa Māori organisations that have set out to support former refugees to eventually lead healthier, happier and self-sufficient lives within their communities. Therefore, the aim of this research is to explore whether, and how former refugees’ sense of belonging is supported by interacting with Kaupapa Māori led organisations. Through this research, qualitative approaches were utilised by way of one-on-one interviews with staff members that work with former refugees from a Kaupapa Māori organisation based in Auckland, New Zealand called Kahui Tū Kāha. Through application of a value-based approach and belonging conceptual lens, this research highlights the various cross-cultural connections that can be seen between the diverse cultures of former refugees and how these then intersect with Kaupapa Māori framings. These findings support the idea that Kaupapa Māori values and cultural factors help refugees better connect to a new country and respective community, while also highlighting the role of belonging as a key contributor to positive well-being outcomesItem Exploring the role of mobile internet in the capability expansion of Nepalese farmers : a research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of International Development, Massey University(Massey University, 2025-02) Ban, BikasThis research report aims to improve the understanding of the role mobile Internet plays in expanding the capabilities of Nepalese farmers. A notable gap is evident in the existing research literature regarding the value added by mobile Internet in enhancing farming and agricultural productivity in Nepal. Given the widespread adoption of the mobile Internet and its instrumental roles, a comprehensive study is needed to address this gap. This research report makes an initial exploration in that direction. Apart from the immediate impacts of mobile Internet in farming, the results and findings are also analysed using Sen’s Capability Approach to understand the role of mobile Internet technology in the capability expansion of the farmers. A sample of five farmers was selected using purposive sampling gain some initial insights. A qualitative data analysis method is used to codify and categorise the accumulated data into separate themes. The results showed a positive relationship between mobile Internet use and farmers' productivity and income. An expansion in their capabilities is also observed due to the benefits received using mobile Internet. However, specific barriers and challenges also remain that prohibit the benefits from being achieved to a greater extent. Suggestions received from farmers during the interview and policy recommendations formulated through the data analysis have been incorporated in the report to extend its potential benefits.Item The mana of the Pacific youth voice in climate action : exploring the impact of human rights-based approaches on the operations of Pacific youth-led organisations and the empowerment of their members : a research report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Development at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand(Massey University, 2025) West, EmmaAnthropogenic climate change is considered to be the defining challenge of our time (United Nations, n.d.). Perturbed by the threat of climate impacts, youth around the world have been mobilising to demand stronger action from political bodies and polluting industries and have taken on leadership roles aiming to influence climate policies (Mutiarini, 2025, p.125). Pacific youth activists are particularly prominent champions of this cause, injecting a renewed momentum into the global climate effort. Their advocacy for more rapid progression towards a sustainable future for people and planet has led to climate action by political bodies at the national, regional, and international levels. Previous research has found that climate-focused youth organisations around the world have placed human rights at the heart of their endeavours, “pioneering a rights-based approach to climate change” (Gasparri et al, 2021, p.105). As the lands and livelihoods of Pacific youth are set to be among the most negatively impacted by climate change (UN Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, n.d.), this report aims to contribute to the literature by specifically spotlighting three Pacific climate-focused youth-led organisations. It seeks to understand the extent to which they have adopted human rights-based approaches, and the extent to which this has impacted their operations in national, regional, and/or global political fora, as well as the empowerment of their members. This research foregrounds the uniquely Pacific perspectives and understandings of human rights-based approaches held by these organisations, which offer both an invaluable contribution, and challenge to, dominant Western human rights approaches. It also elucidates the complexity and contentious nature of the concept of youth empowerment in the Pacific context, and throws into sharp relief the alternative value proposition that Pacific youth bring to the global climate conversation — one that is rooted in the protection of the rights of present and future generations, their lands, cultures, and traditional knowledges. Also reflected upon are the emerging and salient themes, namely the power of the Pacific youth voice which is grounded in local perspectives and cultural identities, the reclaiming of narratives, and the ability of a human rights focus to bring about change. Further research undertaken with a greater number of Pacific youth-led organisations would be advantageous to build upon these findings, and to contribute a richer understanding of Pacific perspectives to these domains of knowledge.Item 'Land blong iumi' : the rise of Solomon Island women combating unsustainable logging practices and fostering environmental protection : a research report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Development, Development Studies, Massey University Manawatū, New Zealand(Massey University, 2024-06) Afeau, Maria QwarongaThis research examines the significant role of a group of self-appointed women rangers (Iqwa Women Rangers, IWR) in Iqwa, Malaita, Solomon Islands, in addressing the detrimental impacts of unsustainable logging practices. Key to their success in promoting environmental protection was their transition from a grassroots informal environmental movement to a formalised community-based organisation named the Leileigela Conservation Group (LCG). The study aims to understand how this women-led initiative challenged traditional gender norms and roles, engaged male allyship, and fostered community resilience. By employing qualitative research methods, primarily 'Tok stori' and observational and reflective techniques, the research provides an in-depth look at the dynamics of women's empowerment and leadership in environmental protection, in the face of economic, social, cultural, psychological and political challenges. The research findings reveal that the pressure exerted by the IWR/LCG led to the cessation of harmful logging operations in a major area of customary/tribal land surrounding Iqwa, and the exploration of alternative livelihood options. This shift not only halted environmental degradation but also promoted sustainable economic activities, enhancing community resilience. Significantly, the inclusion of male rangers and community-wide support further amplified the movement's impact, showcasing a powerful model of collective environmental guardianship. These research findings are significant as they highlight the transformative power of gender-inclusive and community-led conservation efforts, whilst demonstrating that women's leadership and empowerment plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable development. Critically, a conservation-only approach is not feasible in cash-poor societies; people absolutely need to know there are alternative livelihood options as well. Furthermore, this research emphasises the importance of an integrated approach to environmental protection activities that incorporates a gender-sensitive lens, particularly in patriarchal societies to ensure equitable and effective conservation efforts. It is this approach that contributes to a broader understanding of how women's empowerment and environmental activism intersect to champion sustainable development.Item How indigenous systems and emergent leadership in the tourism sector in Vanuatu contribute to resilience in the face of shocks : a research report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Masters of International Development at Massey University Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa, New Zealand(Massey University, 2024-03-10) Gadsby, WadeThe Covid-19 pandemic severely challenged the tourism-dependent economies of Small Island States. Vanuatu’s international borders were closed for two years and, with tourism income making up almost half of the country's GDP, the people of Vanuatu had to adapt to survive. Historically, Pacific Island nations have adapted and worked well through crisis events, and this study examines how Pacific people have utilised Indigenous resilience systems to respond to recent shocks. In particular, it examines how ‘emergent leadership’, defined in the literature as managing uncertainty and mitigating crisis factors (Hunt, 2019), can help to achieve resilience in the face of crises. The research sought to define key components of both emergent leadership and resilience in the tourism sphere in Vanuatu, and it highlighted the role that emergent leadership plays within the Tourism Resilience Framework – a novel approach to operationalising an Indigenous values set in the tourism sphere. This research found that there were certain key factors that contributed to resilience in Pacific contexts, specifically: traditional knowledge (kastom nolej); the informal economy (kastom ekonomi); and Plan B (vanua). These factors have been central to past adaptation in the face of crises and could inform future responses to shocks and stressors. It also found that emergent leadership materialises in a crisis, showcasing the traits of a comprehensive understanding of the situation, adaptability, passion, and also through the use of storytelling as a means to convey change – particularly in the instances of slow-burn crises. The interaction of emergent leadership's traits and key factors of resilience are portrayed through a pawpaw tree metaphor, illustrating how they inform the necessary elements of effective adaptation in the face of shocks and stressorsItem Should trees be considered more important than roads? : an exploration of the impacts of development on Nature, First Nations people and Country : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Development, School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey University, Aotearoa New Zealand(Massey University, 2025) Roberts, Glenda KathrynThis thesis investigates the intersection of mainstream development in Australia with the cultural and environmental rights of First Nations peoples, paying particular attention to a contested Western Highway development in Victoria and its impacts on Djab Wurrung people and Country. The research highlights how infrastructure expansion often prioritises economic growth over ecological and Indigenous rights, creating systemic barriers that marginalise both Nature and Indigenous voices. The removal of sacred Birthing Trees on Djab Wurrung Country for the Western Highway upgrade exemplifies this issue. These trees have long been central to the cultural and spiritual identity of the Djab Wurrung people, serving as vital sites for traditional birthing practices and ceremonies that connect generations to their Country. The destruction of these trees was executed during the COVID-19 lockdown in October 2020, raising questions about transparency and accountability in government decision-making processes that disregard Indigenous rights. The research adopts a political ontology approach to explore how Indigenous rights and the rights of Nature are intertwined, emphasising that this relationship is essential for meaningful reconciliation and decolonisation efforts in Australia. By examining the case study through a series of key informant interviews, the thesis reveals the broader implications of prioritising development over the sacredness of Country and the cultural practices of First Nations people. Findings show that five key barriers (power and control, incompatible knowledge systems, ignorance, inertia and racism) inhibit progress on achieving Country-centred policy, planning and development. Ultimately, I argue for the preservation of cultural and ecological heritage, which is crucial for ensuring a more just and equitable society that respects both Indigenous peoples and the natural world. Through this exploration, the thesis contributes to ongoing discussions on how to understand and work with Country, protect Indigenous rights, the rights of Nature and consider cultural heritage, racism, justice, environmental ethics, and sustainable development practices more deeply within the Australian context.Item Youth and development : exploring opportunities for youth participation in community development in Cambodia : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Development Studies at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand(Massey University, 2025) Pickering, Esther R.This purpose of this thesis is to understand the existing opportunities for youth voice in community development in Cambodia. This study engaged with NGOs in Cambodia working to explore possibilities to expand youth participation in decision making processes. Young people have a right to express themselves and the right to be actively heard. This was a right included in Article 12 of the UNCRC (1989). Approximately 70% of the population in Cambodia is under the age of 30 (World Population Review, 2025, para. 1). This large population of young people in Cambodia indicates a crucial opportunity to empower and develop the capacity of this national treasure and human potential. Participation and empowerment are core principles in a Rights-Based Approach to development (Gready, 2008). Through this framework, I analyse the relevance of two models of youth participation in the Cambodia context. The first is Lundy’s (2007) theorising of Article 12 of the UNCRC through notions of space, voice, audience and influence, and secondly Hart’s (1992) ladder of participation. My primary methods were semi-structured interviews and creative workshops with young people. Both methods were conducted when visiting Cambodia for 5 weeks in July-August 2023. The field research was followed by a thematic analysis of the data. This allowed me to identify repeated patterns of meaning across the data with relevance to my research questions (Braun & Clarke, 2006). The data revealed that community development NGOs in Cambodia are undertaking a diversity of participatory practices with youth. NGOs have intentionally created space for youth to meet regularly, share ideas, and bring them forward to local commune leaders. Other NGOs have fostered trusting relationships between youth and staff. This has allowed for the ongoing presence of youth voice within the NGOs decision-making processes. The workshops highlighted the willingness of Cambodian youth to share ideas and be involved in community development. These youth are expressing their right to be heard and have meaningful influence in their communities. The biggest barrier to youth participation was the restrictive political environment in Cambodia. Participants identified that for youth voice to be valued in Cambodian society, political and individual freedoms needed to increase.Item "E vaka e vakatukakaso na sasalu ni veitiritiri” : exploring indigenous perspectives on socio-economic change and development : a case study of Draubuta and Nabudrau villages in the Rewa Delta : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for Master of International Development in School of People, Environment and Planning at Massey University, Palmerston North, Manawatu, New Zealand(Massey University, 2024) Naivaluvou, Apisaki BaniaThis study looks at how local communities in Fiji are affected by long-term socioeconomic developments. It delves into the role of climate change as a primary driver of change, but it also pays particular attention to the ways local people see the effects of colonialism, globalization, and westernization, all of which have a significant role in the shifts and swift transformation of a local community. With the Vanua Framework serving as the underlying paradigm, the study is qualitative in nature. To capture the impact of these changes, semi-structured interviews, ‘talanoa’ and photovoice were used. The results show the value of Indigenous knowledge and wisdom as it guides their actions and response to change and development. By prioritizing the Indigenous ways of knowing, there are sustainable practices that promote interconnectedness and relational knowledge. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of how local people navigate and respond to the complexities of modernity, climate change and development. It calls for sustainable development that is aligned to Indigenous knowledge, perceptions and values.Item Positive youth development through grassroots perspectives : exploring the suitability of positive youth development within Thailand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Development, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2024) Penteado, MarilenaThis research project explores the suitability of Positive Youth Development (PYD) frameworks developed in the West for application to non-Western societies by exploring five different grassroots youth development organisations in Thailand. It draws on the insights of youth participants, staff members, and founders from these organisations gained through interviews and observational research. The study employs a qualitative methodology, adopting a strength-oriented approach within a constructivist paradigm. Twenty participants were interviewed, including eleven youth participants, five staff members and four organisational founders. The research identified challenges and opportunities in implementing PYD to benefit Thai youth. One of the critical project findings is the community's significant role in shaping PYD in Thailand. Youth participants did not view their development in isolation but saw it as closely tied to their community. Community acceptance and involvement profoundly impacted the participant youths' self-esteem, abilities, overall well-being and capacity to become leaders. The findings illuminate that negative community perceptions of education, economic constraints, and limited access to training and job opportunities significantly hinder youth opportunities. Additionally, social exclusion and cultural norms may limit youth potential. This suggests that the community within this collectivist society has a dual effect on youth development. Support and acceptance can enhance positive outcomes. Conversely, a lack of support or understanding due to harmful cultural and social norms, community perceptions of further education being subservient to the need to provide for one's family by working, and the place of youth in society can restrict youth development. This highlights the need for solid support systems in considering PYD implementation. Leadership development and mentorship were crucial for fostering community engagement among youth participants. Mentors, in particular, play a key role in guiding and motivating young people. The study also emphasises Thailand's wide range of geographical and social environments and the importance of providing tailored support and opportunities for practical and emotional skill development. These findings suggest that successful youth development initiatives in Thailand must be carefully customised to address the unique needs of young people and their specific community contexts. The study advocates for a culturally sensitive adaptation of the PYD framework to the Thai context and, more broadly, for its application to other collectivist, non-Western cultures, emphasising the importance of understanding community dynamics and cultural nuances.Item Em-power lifting : a case study of women’s weightlifting in Aotearoa : a research report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of International Development, Institute of Development Studies, School of People, Environment and Planning, Te Kunenga Ki Pūrehuroa – Massey University Aotearoa New Zealand(Massey University, 2022) Ogilvy, Jamie R. I.Through application of an Indigenous (Māori) informed theoretical framing, articulated as Mana Wāhine values, this research report explores the phenomenon of weightlifting with Indigenous (Māori) women from Aotearoa New Zealand, as a vehicle for empowerment. The research project was guided by two main research questions, firstly, what is the role of weightlifting in developing personal, relational, and collective empowerment for Aotearoa New Zealand Indigenous (Māori) women? Secondly, how does this empowerment align with strengthening the values, understood as Mana Wāhine values, of Indigenous (Māori) women? Data was collected via in-depth semi-structured interviews, nine wāhine (female) participants and one tane (male) participant. All participants were aged between 20 – 50 years old and had been participating in strength sports as an athlete or coach or both; six female and one male who were current or past Olympic weightlifters, two female strong women competitors and one power lifter. All participants were of Māori decent or coached wāhine Māori or were allies/accomplices (Whitinui, 2021) of Māori women in strength sport. Findings suggest that weightlifting and strength-based training enhanced the development of the self, increased body satisfaction thus positivity towards body image because women identifying as feeling physically, mentally, emotionally and spiritually strong and thus powerful. Their ability to set and achieve goals was enhanced and this carried over into other areas of life. While seemingly an individual sport, feelings of belonging and camaraderie indicated better relational empowerment, as well as collective empowerment due to being part of the lifting community and subscribing to a similar kaupapa. In terms of how these changes aligned with Mana Wāhine values, wāhine spoke about having a sense of authority, notions of manaakitanga and giving back to others and the kaupapa of strong wāhine. Overall, this research highlights that strength-based sport like weightlifting can be a vehicle for personal, relational, and collective empowerment with these elements lending themselves towards strengthening Mana Wāhine values. Of great importance here was the transformative implications noted for women. However, any broader transformative impacts beyond the individuals will require the ongoing challenges of predetermined ideologies i.e., stereotypes of women not being strong, or norms, rules, exclusionary practices and under resourcing, for example, which sees women’s lifting to be situated at the margins. Empowerment of the individual is all well and good, but the individual can only go so far. “Empowerment requires changes to systems, rules, and norms, which undermine large groups of people [Māori women], as well as changes at the level of the individual” (Scheyvens, 2020, p. 120).
