Journal Articles
Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/7915
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Item Comparing empowering, transformational, and transactional leadership on supervisory coaching and job performance: A multilevel perspective.(The Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and John Wiley & Sons Australia Lt, 2020-10) Lee MCC; Ding AYLWith a leader being able to possess different types of leadership styles, there is a lack of literature investigating which leadership style best facilitates supervisory coaching behavior. The current study aimed to investigate which leadership style would exhibit supervisory coaching behavior, and if supervisory coaching behavior would mediate the relationship between leadership styles and job performance. The study compared the effects of three leadership styles-transformational, transactional, and empowering leadership-on supervisory coaching behavior, which has been reported to influence job performance. A multilevel approach was adopted in this study using 500 employees from 65 organizations within Malaysia. The study found that only empowering and transactional leadership styles exhibited supervisory coaching behavior, which in turn mediated their relationships with job performance. Overall, the findings suggest the importance of leadership styles that prioritize employee development, as these would lead to improved job performance in employees.Item Masquerade Attacks Against Security Software Exclusion Lists(AJIIPS, 2019) McIntosh T; Jang-Jaccard J; Watters P; Susnjak TSecurity software, commonly known as Antivirus, has evolved from simple virus scanners to become multi-functional security suites. To combat ever-growing malware threats, modern security software utilizes both static and dynamic analysis to assess malware threats, inevitably leading to occasional false positive and false negative reports. To mitigate this, existing state-of-the-art security software offers the feature of Exclusion Lists to allow users to exclude specified files and folders from being scanned or monitored. Through rigorous evaluation, however, we found that some of such products stored their Exclusion Lists as unencrypted cleartexts either in known or predictable locations. In this paper we empirically demonstrate how easy it is to exploit the Exclusion Lists by launching masquerade attacks. We argue that the Exclusion Lists should be better implemented such as using application whitelisting, the contents of the lists to be better safeguarded, and only be readable by authorized entities within a strong access control scheme.Item Serum biomarkers of neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier leakage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(BioMed Central Ltd, 2022-12) Cao MC; Cawston EE; Chen G; Brooks C; Douwes J; McLean D; Graham ES; Dragunow M; Scotter ELAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable and rapidly progressive neurological disorder. Biomarkers are critical to understanding disease causation, monitoring disease progression and assessing the efficacy of treatments. However, robust peripheral biomarkers are yet to be identified. Neuroinflammation and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are common to familial and sporadic ALS and may produce a unique biomarker signature in peripheral blood. Using cytometric bead array (n = 15 participants per group (ALS or control)) and proteome profiling (n = 6 participants per group (ALS or control)), we assessed a total of 106 serum cytokines, growth factors, and BBB breakdown markers in the serum of control and ALS participants. Further, primary human brain pericytes, which maintain the BBB, were used as a biosensor of inflammation following pre-treatment with ALS serum. Principal components analysis of all proteome profile data showed no clustering of control or ALS sera, and no individual serum proteins met the threshold for statistical difference between ALS and controls (adjusted P values). However, the 20 most changed proteins between control and ALS sera showed a medium effect size (Cohen's d = 0.67) and cluster analysis of their levels together identified three sample subsets; control-only, mixed control-ALS, and ALS-only. These 20 proteins were predominantly pro-angiogenic and growth factors, including fractalkine, BDNF, EGF, PDGF, Dkk-1, MIF and angiopoietin-2. S100β, a protein highly concentrated in glial cells and therefore a marker of BBB leakage when found in blood, was unchanged in ALS serum, suggesting that serum protein profiles were reflective of peripheral rather than CNS biofluids. Finally, primary human brain pericytes remained proliferative and their secretome was unchanged by chronic exposure to ALS serum. Our exploratory study suggests that individual serum cytokine levels may not be robust biomarkers in small studies of ALS, but that larger studies using multiplexed analysis of pro-angiogenic and growth factors may identify a peripheral signature of ALS pathogenesis.Item Geographic Disparities in Stroke Outcomes and Service Access: A Prospective Observational Study(Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology, 26/07/2022) Thompson SG; Barber PA; Gommans JH; Cadilhac DA; Davis A; Fink JN; Harwood M; Levack W; McNaughton HK; Feigin VL; Abernethy V; Girvan J; Kim J; Denison H; Corbin M; Wilson A; Douwes J; Ranta ABACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: International evidence shows that patients treated at non-urban hospitals experience poorer access to key stroke interventions. Evidence whether this results in poorer outcomes is conflicting and generally based on administrative or voluntary registry data. The aim of this study was to use prospective high-quality comprehensive nationwide patient level data to investigate the association between hospital geography and stroke patient outcomes and access to best practice stroke care in New Zealand. METHODS: This is a prospective, multi-centre, nationally representative observational study involving all 28 New Zealand acute stroke hospitals (18 non-urban), and affiliated rehabilitation and community services. Consecutive adults admitted to the hospital with acute stroke between 1 May and 31 October 2018 were captured. Outcomes included functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) shift analysis), functional independence (mRS scores 0-2), quality of life (EQ5D-3L), stroke/vascular events, and death at 3, 6, and 12 months and proportion accessing thrombolysis, thrombectomy, stroke units, key investigations, secondary prevention, and inpatient/community rehabilitation. Results were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, stroke severity/type, co-morbidities, baseline function, and differences in baseline characteristics. RESULTS: Overall, 2,379 patients were eligible (mean (standard deviation) age 75 (13.7); 51.2% male; 1,430 urban; 949 non-urban). Patients treated at non-urban hospitals were more likely to score in a higher mRS category (greater disability) at three (aOR=1.28, 1.07-1.53), six (aOR=1.33, 1.07-1.65) and twelve months (aOR=1.31, 1.06-1.62) and were more likely to have died (aOR=1.57, 1.17-2.12) or experienced recurrent stroke and vascular events at 12 months (aOR=1.94, 1.14-3.29 and aOR=1.65, 1.09-2.52). Fewer non-urban patients received recommended stroke interventions including endovascular thrombectomy (aOR=0.25, 95% confidence interval 0.13-0.49), acute stroke unit care (aOR=0.60, 0.49-0.73), antiplatelet prescriptions (aOR=0.72, 0.58-0.88), ≥60 minutes daily physical therapy (aOR=0.55, 0.40-0.77) and community rehabilitation (aOR=0.69, 0.56-0.84). DISCUSSION: Patients managed at non-urban hospitals experience poorer stroke outcomes and reduced access to key stroke interventions across the entire care continuum. Efforts to improve access to high quality stroke care in non-urban hospitals should be a priority.Item Biologically Active Compounds Present in Tobacco Smoke: Potential Interactions Between Smoking and Mental Health(Frontiers Media SA, 26/04/2022) Hong SW; Teesdale-Spittle P; Page R; Ellenbroek B; Truman PTobacco dependence remains one of the major preventable causes of premature morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are well over 8,000 compounds present in tobacco and tobacco smoke, but we do not know what effect, if any, many of them have on smokers. Major interest has been on nicotine, as well as on toxic and carcinogenic effects and several major and minor components of tobacco smoke responsible for the negative health effects of smoking have been elucidated. Smokers themselves report a variety of positive effects from smoking, including effects on depression, anxiety and mental acuity. Smoking has also been shown to have protective effects in Parkinson's Disease. Are the subjective reports of a positive effect of smoking due to nicotine, of some other components of tobacco smoke, or are they a manifestation of the relief from nicotine withdrawal symptoms that smoking provides? This mini-review summarises what is currently known about the components of tobacco smoke with potential to have positive effects on smokers.Item Online proctored exams and digital inequalities during the pandemic.(Wiley, 13/04/2023) Hartnett M; Butler P; Rawlins PThe emergence of the COVID-19 and the resulting global pandemic has ushered in far-reaching changes for countries across the world, not least of which are changes to their education systems. With traditional location-based exams no longer possible at universities, the uptake of online proctored exams (OPE) has occurred at a pace not seen prior to the pandemic. Students' experiences of online proctored exams during the pandemic are reasonably well-understood in terms of digital access and ease of use of the technology. However, less is known about students' perceptions of digital confidence and competence to complete an online exam, both of which are important digital equity considerations.Item Investigating the effects of online communication apprehension and digital technology anxiety on organizational dissent in virtual teams(Elsevier Ltd, 2023-07) Rahmani D; Zeng C; Chen MH; Fletcher P; Goke RWorking in virtual teams has become increasingly common in contemporary workplaces with technology that allows teams to collaborate online without being present in the same physical space. For some employees, communicating via virtual technologies such as email, phone, video conferences or applications to work in teams can cause anxiety, which in turn may influence their decision to engage in organizational dissent. This study examines the impact of two forms of online anxiety on employees' virtual organizational dissent: online communication apprehension and digital technology anxiety. The effects of age, technical skills, the portion of workload done virtually, and previous experience in virtual teamwork were included in the study as control variables. Using factorial analysis and structural equation modeling, the results from 321 volunteer employees of various US organizations (males = 135, females = 184, others = 2) were analyzed. The results show that the two forms of online anxiety and technical skills generally increase organizational dissent and aging significantly decreases virtual latent dissent. The study's findings support the social compensation hypothesis of online media use.Item The Relationship Between Market Culture, Clan Culture, Benevolent Leadership, Work Engagement, and Job Performance: Leader's Dark Triad as a Moderator.(SAGE Publications, 2022-08-18) Lee MCC; Ding AYLBenevolent leadership is one of the leadership styles which provides a positive influence on employees. However, the current leadership literature has yet to investigate how benevolent leadership leads to job performance, the processes involved, the relationship between organizational culture and benevolent leadership, and the role of dark side of leaders in affecting this relationship. Using the leader-culture fit framework within an Eastern context, the current study first investigates the relationship between benevolent leadership and job performance through work engagement. The study then compares two contrasting organizational culture (i.e., market culture and clan culture) on benevolent leadership. Finally, the study investigates how leaders' dark triad affects the relationship between organizational culture and benevolent leadership. 374 full-time white-collar employees (Males = 54.01%; Mean age: 32.7 years) from various private organizations within the service industry participated in this study. The results showed that work engagement mediated benevolent leadership and job performance. Market culture showed a negative relationship with benevolent leadership while clan culture showed a positive relationship with benevolent leadership. Benevolent leadership mediated clan culture (but not market culture) and work engagement. Under a high market culture with a high dark triad leader, benevolent leadership is at its lowest level. Under a high clan culture with a low dark triad leader, benevolent leadership is at its highest level. The findings suggest the importance of benevolent leadership within a clan culture (rather than market culture), in aligning with the leader-culture fit framework in increasing employees' work engagement and job performance.Item Social psychology for social change: Foundations for and introduction to a program of action-oriented research(Cambridge University Press, 12/12/2014) Liu JH; Bernardo ABICopyright © The Author(s) 2014.The Special Issues series on social psychology of social change will provide a forum for research on the science and practice of interventions for social change that benefit individuals, organisations and society. This effort takes up Lewin's call for scientific research aimed towards solving social problems and generating new knowledge, but with a theory and practice of culture and cultural change at its centre. The effort elevates the dominant research approach in developing countries in Asia where there is more concern about opportunities for training and engaging in and publishing more applied work. The emphasis both on research excellence and on a holistic concern for society as central components for theorising about effective modes of realising social change in Asia and the Pacific is a long-term project that begins with the seven diverse articles in the special issue, which span different stages in the project - from clarifying its Asian philosophical basis, to empirical analysis of the problem and levers of change, to evaluation of the outcomes of action research.Item The identification and classification of struggling readers based on the simple view of reading(John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2022-08) Sleeman M; Everatt J; Arrow A; Denston AThe simple view of reading (SVR) predicts that reading difficulties can result from decoding difficulties, language comprehension difficulties, or a combination of these difficulties. However, classification studies have identified a fourth group of children whose reading difficulties are unexplained by the model. This may be due to the type of classification model used. The current research included 209 children in Grades 3–5 (8–10 years of age) from New Zealand. Children were classified using the traditional approach and a cluster analysis. In contrast to the traditional classification model, the cluster analysis approach eliminated the unexplained reading difficulties group, suggesting that poor readers can be accurately assigned to one of three groups, which are consistent with those predicted by the SVR. The second set of analyses compared the three poor reader groups across 14 measures of reading comprehension, decoding, language comprehension, phonological awareness, and rapid naming. All three groups demonstrated reading comprehension difficulties, but the dyslexia group showed particular weaknesses in word processing and phonological areas, the SCD group showed problems deriving meaning from oral language, and the mixed group showed general deficits in most measures. The findings suggest that the SVR does have the potential to determine reading profiles and differential intervention methods.